Genotoxic Response of Oreochromis niloticus Exposed to Tertiary Mixture of Pesticides
Abstract
Background: At present the aquatic habitats of Pakistan become heavily polluted due to presence of heavy metals and pesticides. This research was carried out to check the percentage of DNA damage, Genetic Damage Index and Cumulative Tail Length of comets formed in the erythrocytes of Oreochromis niloticus following exposure to a tertiary mixture of pesticides (chlorpyrifos, endosulfan and bifenthrin) with the Comet assay.
Methods: Acute toxicity (96-hour LC50) of chlorpyrifos + endosulfan + bifenthrin mixture was determined for Oreochromis niloticus (180-day old), and then four sublethal concentrations (1/3rd, 1/4th, 1/5th , and 1/6th of the LC50) were calculated. To control the possibility of temperature variation, fingerlings of O. niloticus were treated with four experimental pesticides concentrations used for duration of 90 days under constant conditions of laboratory (with negative and positive control). On day 14, 28, 42, 56, 70, and 84 fish peripheral blood cells were collected following exposure to assess DNA damage.
Results: DNA damage was observed to be statistically significant (p<0.05) throughout the exposure period due to the various test concentrations. In fish erythrocytes, a dose/concentration-dependent response was observed, with the greatest DNA damage occurring at 1/3rd of the LC50 exposure. Comparing DNA damage in Oreochromis niloticus peripheral blood erythrocytes across all sampling days revealed a continuous rise in the quantity of damaged DNA with increase in time of exposure.
Conclusion: Present investigation represented an unprecedented approach to study genotoxic effects of pesticides on fish. The widespread application of pesticides (chlorpyrifos, endosulfan, bifenthrin) in agriculture sector exerts adverse effects on various non-target organisms via trophic transfer that ultimately pose a serious threat for human beings. Current findings suggested minimized and sensible use of pesticides to avoid genetic threats to aquatic fauna and to maintain sustainable agriculture and aquaculture.
Keywords: Oreochromis niloticus; Endosulfan; Chlorpyrifos; DNA damage; Chronic exposure
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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.62940/als.v9i4.1251
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