Microbial forensics: are we going on right path for management of crops biosecurity in Pakistan?
Abstract
In any country biological terrorism outbreaks on crops could reduce the quality and quantity of agricultural products, which in turn decreases the consumer’s confidence, nutrition loss, resulting in worse impacts on the nation’s economy, international souks and is subsequently harmful for the environment. Awareness for a crop bioterror incident begins with the start of the threat symptoms, which must lead to the progress of a plan to thwart. However, most of Pakistani scientists and crop producers have not focused on the option of deliberative plant pathogen introduction but instead they use their expertise for the prevention of natural introductions and the improvement of cost-effective strategies for disease management. It is also an interesting fact that under the mask of genetically modified feeds, high yield varieties and hybrids; we are also importing bio terrorism. Are we going on the right path? So, it is time that we should review the global microbial knowledge and should apply it according to our needs. In ongoing topics of present article, we will review the microbial forensics status globally in comparison with Pakistan. We will also suggest how to fill these gaps.
Keywords: Biological terrorism; Microbial forensics; Pathogen; Plants; Crops; Biosecurity
References
Anonymous, (2018); http://www.finance.gov.pk/survey/chapters_18/02-Agriculture.pdf
Overview of the economy, (2023); http://finance.gov.pk/survey/chapters_14/Highlights_ES_201314.pdf.
Aziz I, Ali S, Rehman Z, Riazuddin S, Shahid AA. Biological movement of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae in Pakistan; A pioneer project of CEMB, Punjab, Pakistan. Advancements in Life Sciences. (2022); 9(2):231-4.
Oerke, EC. and Dehne, HW. Global crop production and the efficacy of crop protection-current situation and future trends. European Journal of Plant Pathology, (1997);103: 203-215.
Madden L, and Wheelis M. The threat of plant pathogens as weapons against U.S. crops. Annual Review of Phytopathology, (2003); 41: 155–76.
Casagrande, R. Biological terrorism targeted at agriculture: the threat to U.S. national security. Nonproliferation Review, (2000); 73(7): 92–105.
Center for Infectious Disease Research and Policy. Overview of agricultural biosecurity, (2023); University of Minnesota, Minneapolis. https://umash.umn.edu/biosecurity/
Madden L, and Wheelis M. The threat of plant pathogens as weapons against U.S. crops. Annu. Rev. Phytopathology, (2003); 41:155–76.
Wheelis M, Casagrande R, and Madden LV. Biological attack on agriculture: low-tech, high-impact bioterrorism. Bioscience, (2002); 52:569–76.
Whitby, SM. Biological warfare against crops, (2002); Palgrave, Basingstoke, United Kingdom.
Dokane K. Analysis of markers for forensic plant species identification. Forensic Science International. (2024); 24:112007.
Budowle B. Murch RS, and Chakraborty R. Microbial forensics: the next forensic challenge. International J. Leg. Medicine, (2005);119:317–330.
Budowle B, Schutzer SE., Einseln A, Kelley LC. Walsh AC, Smith JA., Marrone BL., Robertson J, and Campos J. Building microbial forensics as a response to bioterrorism. Science, (2003); 301: 1852–53.
Cummings CA., and Relman DA. Microbial forensics- cross-examining pathogens. Science, (2002); 296:1976–79.
Keim P. Microbial forensics: a scientific assessment. American Academy of Microbiology, (2003) Washington, D.C.
Kennedy D. Forensic science: oxymoron? Science, (2003); 302:1625.
Murch RS. Microbial forensics: building a national capacity to investigate bioterrorism. Biosecurity and bioterrorism: biodefense strategy, practice, and science, (2003); 1(2):117-22.
Fletcher J, Bender C, Budowle B, Cobb WT, Gold SE, Ishimaru CA, Luster D, Melcher U, Murch R, Scherm H, Seem RC. Plant pathogen forensics: capabilities, needs, and recommendations. Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews, (2006) ;70(2):450-71.
Budowle B. Defining a new forensic discipline: microbial forensics. Profiles DNA, (2003); 6(1):7-10.
Budowle B, Chakraborty R. Genetic considerations for interpreting molecular microbial forensic evidence, (2004). International Congress Series, 1261: 56-58.
Fletcher J, Bender C, Budowle B, Cobb WT, Gold SE, Ishimaru CA, Luster D, Melcher U, Murch R, Scherm H, Seem RC. Plant pathogen forensics: capabilities, needs, and recommendations. Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews, (2006); 70(2):450-71.
Budowle B, Johnson MD, Fraser CM, Leighton TJ, Murch RS, Chakraborty R. Genetic analysis and attribution of microbial forensics evidence. Critical reviews in microbiology, (2005); 31(4): 233-54.
Budowle B, Murch R, Chakraborty R. Microbial forensics: the next forensic challenge. International journal of legal medicine, (2005); 119:317-30.
Budowle B, Schutzer SE, Einseln A, Kelley LC, Walsh AC, Smith JA, Marrone BL, Robertson J, Campos J. Building microbial forensics as a response to bioterrorism. Science, (2003); 301(5641): 1852-3.
Budowle B, Schutzer SE, Ascher MS, Atlas RM, Burans JP, Chakraborty R, Dunn JJ, Fraser CM, Franz DR, Leighton TJ, Morse SA. Toward a system of microbial forensics: from sample collection to interpretation of evidence. Applied and environmental microbiology, (2005);71(5):2209-13.
Fletcher J, Bender C, Budowle B, Cobb WT, Gold SE, Ishimaru CA, Luster D, Melcher U, Murch R, Scherm H, Seem RC. Plant pathogen forensics: capabilities, needs, and recommendations. Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews, (2006); 70(2):450-71.
Pearson RG, Dawson TP. Predicting the impacts of climate change on the distribution of species: are bioclimate envelope models useful?. Global ecology and biogeography, (2003); 12(5):361-71.
Baker RH. Developing a European pest risk mapping system 1. EPPO Bulletin, (1996); 26(3‐4): 485-94.
Sutherst RW. Guest Editorial: Prediction of Species Geographical Ranges. Journal of Biogeography, (2003); 1;30(6):805-16.
Sutherst RW, Maywald GF, Russell BL. Estimating vulnerability under global change: modular modelling of pests. Agriculture, ecosystems & environment, (2000); 1;82(1-3):303-19.
Jones PG, Gladkov A. FloraMap: A computer tool for predicting the distribution of plants and other organisms in the wild, (2005) ; https://cgspace.cgiar.org/items/b1637a89-aff3-44c0-8263-4e3da26e52de
Teng PS, Yang XB. Biological impact and risk assessment in plant pathology. Annual review of phytopathology, (1993); 31(1):495-21.
Yang XB. Risk assessment: concepts, development, and future opportunities. Plant health progress, (2003); 4(1):16.
Magarey RD, Sutton TB, Thayer CL. A simple generic infection model for foliar fungal plant pathogens. Phytopathology, (2005); 95(1):92-100.
Sutherst RW. Guest Editorial: Prediction of Species Geographical Ranges. Journal of Biogeography, (2003); 30(6): 805-16.
Nutter Jr FW, Madden LV. Plant diseases as a possible consequence of biological attack. Biodefense: principles and pathogens. Horizon Bioscience, Norwich, Conn. (2005) :793-818.
Caputo M, Giménez M, Schlamp M. Intercomparison of atmospheric dispersion models. Atmospheric environment, (2003); 37(18):2435-49.
Luo SZ, Wang C. Forest pests and diseases forecasting based on GIS. Advanced materials research, (2011) ;250:2945-8.
Bhupathi P, Sevugan P. Application of hyperspectral remote sensing technology for plant disease forecasting: An applied review. Annals of the Romanian Society for Cell Biology, (2021); 25(6): 4555-66.
Pozdnyakova L, Oudemans PV, Hughes MG, Giménez D. Estimation of spatial and spectral properties of phytophthora root rot and its effects on cranberry yield. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, (2002); 37(1-3):57-70.
Ficke A, Gadoury DM, Seem RC. Ontogenic resistance and plant disease management: A case study of grape powdery mildew. Phytopathology, (2002); 92(6):671-5.
Schubert TS, Rizvi SA, Sun X, Gottwald TR, Graham JH, Dixon WN. Meeting the challenge of eradicating citrus canker in Florida—again. Plant disease, (2001); 85(4):340-56.
Kim SH, Olson TN, Schaad NW, Moorman GW. Ralstonia solanacearum race 3, biovar 2, the causal agent of brown rot of potato, identified in geraniums in Pennsylvania, Delaware, and Connecticut. Plant Disease, (2003); 87(4):450-50.
Schaad NW, Jones JB, and Chun W. Laboratory guide for identification of plant pathogenic bacteria, 3rd ed. American Phytopathological Society, (2001); St. Paul, Minn.
Puhalla, J. E. Compatibility reactions on solid medium and interstrain inhibition in Ustilago maydis. Genetics, (1968); 60:461–474.
Zambino, P., J. V. Groth, L. Lukens, J. R. Garton, and G. May.. Variation at the b mating type locus of Ustilago maydis. Phytopathology, (1997); 87:1233–1239.
Lister, R. M. Application of the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detecting viruses in soybean seed and plants. Phytopathology, (1997); 68:1393–1400.
Uddin W, Viji G, Schumann GL, Boyd SH. Detection of Pyricularia grisea causing gray leaf spot of perennial ryegrass turf by a rapid immuno-recognition assay. Plant disease, (2003); 87(7): 772-8.
LeClerc JE, Li B, Payne WL, Cebula TA. High mutation frequencies among Escherichia coli and Salmonella pathogens. Science, (1996); 274(5290):1208-11.
Li R, Salih S, Hurtt S. Detection of geminiviruses in sweetpotato by polymerase chain reaction. Plant disease, (2004); 88(12):1347-51.
Potter JL, Nakhla MK, Mejía L, Maxwell DP. PCR and DNA hybridization methods for specific detection of bean-infecting begomoviruses in the Americas and Caribbean. Plant Disease, (2003);87(10):1205-12.
Buell CR, Joardar V, Lindeberg M, Selengut J, Paulsen IT, Gwinn ML, Dodson RJ, Deboy RT, Durkin AS, Kolonay JF, Madupu R. The complete genome sequence of the Arabidopsis and tomato pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, (2003); 100(18):10181-6.
Gu H, Clark AJ, De Sa PB, Pfeiffer TW, Tolin S, Ghabrial SA. Diversity among isolates of Bean pod mottle virus. Phytopathology, (2002);92(4):446-52.
Kowalczuk M, Mackiewicz P, Mackiewicz D, Nowicka A, Dudkiewicz M, Dudek MR, Cebrat S. High correlation between the turnover of nucleotides under mutational pressure and the DNA composition. BMC evolutionary biology, (2001); 1:1-8.
Foster KW. Making a robust biomolecular time scale for phylogenetic studies. Protist, (2003);154(1):43-55.
Gu H, Clark AJ, De Sa PB, Pfeiffer TW, Tolin S, Ghabrial SA. Diversity among isolates of Bean pod mottle virus. Phytopathology, (2002); 92(4): 446-52.
Holmes EC. The phylogeography of human viruses. Molecular Ecology, (2004); 13:745–756.
Schneider WL, Roossinck MJ. Evolutionarily related Sindbis-like plant viruses maintain different levels of population diversity in a common host. Journal of virology, (2000);74(7):3130-4.
Schneider WL, Roossinck MJ. Genetic diversity in RNA virus quasispecies is controlled by host-virus interactions. Journal of virology, (2001);75(14):6566-71.
Gabriel A, Mules EH. Fidelity of retrotransposon replication. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, (1999); 870(1):108-18.
Margulies M, Egholm M, Altman WE, Attiya S, Bader JS, Bemben LA, Berka J, Braverman MS, Chen YJ, Chen Z, Dewell SB. Genome sequencing in microfabricated high-density picolitre reactors. Nature, (2005); 437(7057): 376-80.
Ayala, FJ. Neutralism and selectionism: the molecular clock, Gene, (2000); 261:27–33.
Otsuka J, Terai G, Nakano T. Phylogeny of organisms investigated by the base-pair changes in the stem regions of small and large ribosomal subunit RNAs. Journal of molecular evolution, (1999);
: 218-35.
Vartanian JP, Henry M, Wain-Hobson S. Simulating pseudogene evolution in vitro: determining the true number of mutations in a lineage. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, (2001); 98(23): 13172-6.
Dürrenberger F, Laidlaw RD, Kronstad JW. The hgl1 gene is required for dimorphism and teliospore formation in the fungal pathogen Ustilago maydis. Molecular Microbiology, (2001); 41(2): 337-48.
Gold S, Duncan G, Barrett K, Kronstad J. cAMP regulates morphogenesis in the fungal pathogen Ustilago maydis. Genes & development. 1994 Dec 1;8(23):2805-16.
Kaffarnik F, Müller P, Leibundgut M, Kahmann R, Feldbrügge M. PKA and MAPK phosphorylation of Prf1 allows promoter discrimination in Ustilago maydis. The EMBO journal, (2003).
Mayorga ME, Gold SE. A MAP kinase encoded by the ubc3 gene of Ustilago maydis is required for filamentous growth and full virulence. Molecular microbiology, (1999); 34(3):485-97.
Alfano JR, Collmer A. Type III secretion system effector proteins: double agents in bacterial disease and plant defense. Annual Review Phytopathology, (2004); 42: 385-414.
Nissinen R, Lai FM, Laine MJ, Bauer PJ, Reilley AA, Li X, De Boer SH, Ishimaru CA, Metzler MC. Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. sepedonicus elicits a hypersensitive response in tobacco and secretes hypersensitive response-inducing protein (s). Phytopathology, (1997); 87(7):678-84.
Cooper MA. Label-free screening of bio-molecular interactions. Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry, (2003); 377:834-42.
Eckart JD, Sobral BW. A life scientist's gateway to distributed data management and computing: the PathPort/ToolBus framework. OMICS A Journal of Integrative Biology, (2003); 7(1): 79-88.
He Y, Vines RR, Wattam AR, Abramochkin GV, Dickerman AW, Eckart JD, Sobral BW. PIML: the pathogen information markup language. Bioinformatics, (2005); 21(1):116-21.
Marks EA, Werrell MJ. Executive's guide to web services. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; (2003).
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.62940/als.v11i3.1148
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.