Volume 11, Issue 1

Advancements in Life Sciences, volume 11, issue 1 – February 2024Cover; Volume 11, Issue 1
ISSN 2310-5380

IN THIS ISSUE

This 1st issue of the 11th volume has featured 39 multidisciplinary articles including 6 review articles, 1 short communication, 31 research papers and 1 metadata analysis of authors from 14 countries covering aspects from different stems of life science. Enjoy reading!

 

 

 Review Articles


Research Progress of Applied Anatomy of Labia Minora in Plastic Surgery

Rizwan Ali, Jinghong Xu, Rui Lei, pages 01-16
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 Cosmetic labiaplasty is focusing on the deliberate alteration of external genitalia without medical reasons. It highlights the growing understanding of diverse genital anatomy, suggesting that the labia minora innervation contributes to sexual arousal and pleasure. The measurement of female vulva structure is crucial for aesthetic standards and surgical planning. Past research gathered labia minora measurements from various countries, races, and age groups. As women’s expectations for vulva appearance increase, the demand for labia minora plastic surgery rises, emphasizing the importance of safety and effectiveness. To enhance surgical planning, this article addresses the histology, anatomy, data measurement, aesthetics, blood supply, and nerve innervation of the labia minora, considering both its morphological beauty and functional requirements. 

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Non-Surgical Treatment Methodologies and Prevention for Malignant Melanoma
Honggang Yu, Rizwan Ali, Rui Lei, Jinghong Xu, pages 07-17
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 Melanocytes in the skin and other organs generate the tumor known as malignant melanoma (MM). It has a high degree of malignancy, a deprived prognosis, and a propensity for local recurrence and distant metastasis. Although there have been tremendous advancements in MM management choices over the past ten years, there are still a dearth of clinically viable therapy alternatives and no internationally accepted treatment standard. The prognosis of MM patients has recently improved thanks to the development of immunotherapy and targeted therapy. As a result, this article examines the most recent findings from studies on the non-surgical treatment methodologies for MM and its preventive measures. 

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Genetic Studies and Breed Diversity of Kazakh Native Horses: A Comprehensive Review
D. Kabylbekova, T.Sh. Assanbayev, Shinara Kassymbekova, J. Kantanen, pages 18-27

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 This comprehensive review analyzes the state of horse breeding in Kazakhstan, examining its historical context, current status, genetic studies, and future prospects. Drawing on historical records, government reports, academic studies, and genetic research, this review provides insights into the genetic diversity of Kazakh native horse breeds. The review traces the historical trajectory of horse breeding, explores its significance for the economy and culture, and discusses current population trends. Genetic studies reveal untapped potential for breed improvement. Kazakhstan's horse breeding faces opportunities for growth and development, requiring efforts to increase the horse population and harness genetic potential for productivity. This review emphasizes the need to preserve the gene pool of Kazakh native horses, ensuring sustainability and cultural significance.  

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The Concept of Chloroplast Transformation; Its Relevance towards Food Security
Bushra Tabassum, Iqra Yousaf, Olawale Samuel Adeyinka, Rida Khalid, Anwar Khan, Hasan Ayaz, pages 28-39

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 The world population is expected to reach an estimated 9.2 billion by 2050 which means up to 70% increase in food production would be needed to feed the world. Moreover, climate changes pose yet another challenge to global food security. Genetic engineering is playing its role in modern agriculture to overcome food security challenges but for better crop production more biotechnological advances are required. Chloroplast genetic engineering provides a better alternative to nuclear genetic engineering due to its properties of precise transgene insertion through homologous recombination, lack of epigenetic changes and high transgene expression. We reviewed the fundamentals behind chloroplast transformation and divulge its various applications in nutritional enhancement and agricultural stress management. Furthermore, we provide recent efforts of Ribonucleic Acid interference (RNAi) technology in the transplastomic transformation towards insect-specific and environmentally friendly control measures. We envisage that targeted chloroplast genome editing could be a game changer in the future application of chloroplast transformation. 

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Herbal therapy in diabetes mellitus: A review
Babak Gholamine, Jitendra Malviya, Mohammad Rudiansyah, Mohammed Kadhem Abid, Ahmed Hussien Alawadi, Omid-Ali Adeli, Masumeh Jalalvand, Sepideh Papi, pages 40-48

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 Insulin therapy is the mainstay of treatment in patients with type 1 diabetes, while diet and lifestyle changes, and if left untreated, insulin therapy are effective in treating type 2 diabetes. Research has shown that the oldest treatment for diabetes was the use of herbs. Thus, various medicinal plants were used to relieve many of the complications of diabetes. This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of various medicinal plants in the treatment of diabetes. The data on medicinal plants and diabetes were collected from related articles published from 2014 to 2021 in reputable databases such as Cochrane, PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect, Embase, and SID. Data analysis showed that medicinal plants such as Allium sativumCinnamomum verumTrigonella graecum foenumSilybum marianusCitrullus colocynthisAbelmoschus esculentusEryngiumCoriandrum sativum L, and Zingiber officinale were the most frequently used herbs in the treatment of diabetes. Medicinal plants can reduce blood sugar in patients due to having effective medicinal compounds and natural antioxidants and due to the least side effects but longer treatment period. 

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Advancements in bee venom bioactivities for current therapeutic applications: A Review
Ahmed. M. H. Ali, pages 49-55

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 Bees, as a distinguished lineage of hymenopteran insects, have undergone significant evolutionary adaptations, transitioning to a pollen-based provisioning strategy for their offspring and diverging from a reliance on prey. Within the intricate composition of bee products lies a myriad of chemicals that have garnered widespread recognition for their therapeutic and health-enhancing attributes. Bee venom, a constituent of apitherapy deeply embedded in traditional medicine with a millennia-long historical foundation, is a subject of considerable interest. Honeybees, among various bee species, manifest considerable, albeit variable, levels of antioxidant, antibacterial, and anticancer activities in their venom. This variability underscores the need for a comprehensive exploration of the diverse applications of bee venom. The present review, thus, seeks to systematically collate and analyze pertinent scientific literature, shedding light on the multifaceted roles of bee venom across various therapeutic domains. Moreover, the review evaluates the extant evidence supporting the therapeutic use of bee venom, identifying gaps and limitations within the existing body of research. By synthesizing recent advancements and critically examining the scientific landscape, this review contributes to the evolving understanding of bee venom bioactivities and offers a foundation for advancing their applications in contemporary therapeutic settings. 

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Short Communication


The effect of methanol extract of cloves (Syzygium aromaticum) on vimentin expression in the testes of rats (Rattus norvegicus) with induced cryptorchidism
Nisrina Dwi Andarheta, Bambang Sektiari Lukiswanto, Nusdianto Triakoso, Wurlina Wurlina, Nove Hidajati, Lita Rakhma Yustinasari, Juliano Mwenda Ntoruru, Epy Muhammad Luqman, pages 56-60

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 Background: Clove is one of the spices that have strong antioxidant activity among other spices. The high concentration of ROS in cryptorchid testes is a major factor in the risk of developing testicular tumors. The aim of this study is that to determine the effect of methanol extract of cloves  (Syzygium aromaticum) on the expression of Vimentin testis of white rats (Rattus norvegicus) with a unilateral cryptorchidism model.

Methods: The experimental animals used were 24 male rats aged 21 days which were divided into six treatment groups. The negative control group was conducted sham surgery and it was given aquadest orally for 18 days (K-1) and 36 days (K-2). Meanwhile, the positive control group was induced by cryptorchid surgery and it was given aquadest orally for 18 days (K+1) and 36 days (K+2). Moreover, the treatment group was induced by surgical induction of cryptorchidism and treated with methanol extract of cloves at a dose of 70 mg/kg BW orally for 18 day (P+1) and 36 days (P+2). Vimentin immunostaining was evaluated by using the Index Remmele Scale (IRS) scoring method. Furthermore, data analysis by using Kruskal Wallis followed by Mann Whitney test.

Results: The treatment group variables give a significant difference (p<0.05) on the expression of Vimentin, but no significant difference is found between the variable days of treatment and the treatment group on the expression of Vimentin.

Conclusion: The addition of cloves methanol extract can reduce the expression of Vimentin in the testes of rats with unilateral cryptorchidism model. 

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Full Length Research Articles


Scrutiny of immunological components (CD20, CD30, and CD40) and HCMV and EBV infections in lymphoma Iraqi patients
Ahmed Talib Ghadhban, Marwa Mohammed Ali Jassim, Majid Mohammed Mahmood, Hayder Saad Hanfoosh Al Atabi, Sameem Atia Rekan, pages 61-65

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 Background: This investigation concentrated on Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphomas in the Iraqi province of Al-Muthanna. Environmental and immune characteristics have a role in this malignancy. In an attempt to assess Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphomas in Iraqi patients, in addition to the detection of specific immunological and virological data, 30 patients and 10 controls were scrutinized.

Methods: Forty subjects with an age range of 20–82 years, 30 with lymphomas (Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin), and 10 with no lymphomas were analyzed. The tissue blocks were tested for EBER-EBV and PP65-CMV viruses using the in-situ hybridization (ISH) technique with the aid of kits of specific probes for viruses. Also, immunological markers such as CD markers were investigated using immunohistochemistry (IHC).

Results: In the Iraqi Al-Muthanna governorate Lymphoma cases rose notably among people beyond sixty. Hodgkin lymphoma cases were found more often than non-Hodgkin lymphoma cases, with a predominance of females in both types. The results of HCMV and EBV detection illustrated a higher prevalence of these viruses, especially in patients with non-Hodgkin lymphoma, accompanied by related immunological changes in lymphoma patients than in the lymphoma-free group.

Conclusions: In Al-Muthanna province, Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphomas were slightly increased in females, along with more prevalent HCMV and EBV infections. 

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Implementation of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) technique in evaluating of renal failure in patients with iron (Fe) deficiency
Iman Sami, Muayyed Jabar Zoory, Sadiq Hassan Lefta, pages 66-71

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 Background: Iron deficiency is known to have implications for kidney function, and its association with renal failure has prompted investigations into novel diagnostic tools. This study explores the potential of Laser Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) as a diagnostic technique for identifying renal failure in iron-deficient patients.

Methods: Blood samples from patients with renal failure and iron deficiency were subjected to LIBS analysis, with results compared to samples from healthy individuals. LIBS involves directing a high-energy laser onto the sample, generating plasma that emits distinctive spectral lines. The elemental composition of the sample can be determined by analyzing these lines.

Results: Statistically significant differences in the initial composition of blood samples were observed between patients with renal failure and iron deficiency, as opposed to those from healthy individuals. Specific elemental markers indicative of renal failure in iron-deficient patients were identified through LIBS analysis.

Conclusion: This study suggests that LIBS holds promise as a cost-effective and efficient diagnostic tool for detecting renal failure in iron-deficient patients. The identification of specific elemental markers offers potential for targeted diagnostic interventions, emphasizing the clinical utility of LIBS in the realm of renal health assessment. 

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Validity of anti-nuclear antibodies, double strand DNA antibodies and other parameters in autoimmune hypoparathyroidism
Hind H. Al-Ammiri, Tharwa H. Hasan Al-Tai, Ali A. A. Mahdi, pages 72-76

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 Background: Hypoparathyroidism is the destruction of the parathyroid gland by the immune system, as part of a multiple endocrine insufficiency syndrome. Tissue resistance to PTH's activities can occur in rare cases, resulting in hypoparathyroidism with increased PTH levels. Hypothyroidism is more common in females than males. 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (active vitamin D) levels must be evaluated to rule out vitamin D deficiency as a contributor to or cause of hypocalcemia. Hypocalcemia and phosphatemia are common symptoms of hypoparathyroidism. Antinuclear antibodies (ANA) and double strand DNA (DsDNA) are the important biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis of patients with autoimmune diseases. ANA and DsDNA occur in different endocrine disorders including thyroid disorders like hypoparathyroidism.

Methods: Thirty Hypoparathyroidism patients with age range 21-74 years with (20 female and 10 male) were attending international Baghdad Medical Hospital, during the period from December 2019 to February 2021 and thirty apparently healthy were chosen as healthy control groups respectively. For these two study groups, the blood samples were collected to evaluate the serum level of serum phosphorus, calcitonin, Calcium, Vitamin D3, DsDNA and ANA. The type of kits used for serum DsDNA and ANA in humans were an indirect enzyme immunoassay (ELISA) and the kits for serum level of serum Vitamin D3 and calcitonins were a sandwich ELISA. Finally, these kits for the calcium and phosphorus inorganic Colorimetric method were used.

Results: Using Student's t-test, the present study's data revealed a statistically significant difference in the mean of age group cases and controls (P=0.005), as well as a statistically significant difference in serum mean values of each Serum phosphorus (P=0.005), calcitonin (P=0.005), calcium (P=0.002), and vitamin D3 centration (P=0.005) between these two groups . By using Chi-square test sex was not significant between hypoparathyroid and control (P=0.787) and DsDNA was not significantly more positive in hypoparathyroid subjects than control (P=0.112); while ANA was significant (P=0.024).

Conclusion: The study sheds light on the necessity to screen the hypo parathyroid patients for vitamin D, calcium and phosphorous levels and calcitonin for better prognosis of patients and for each of antinuclear antibodies (ANA) and double strand DNA (DsDNA). 

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Sainfoin (Onobrychis arenaria) Productivity Depending on Organic and Mineral Fertilizers
Matvey Yakovlev, Andrey Petrov, Ivan Lavrishchev, Ivan Karkhardin, Anna Pastukhova, pages 77-83

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 Background: Numerous experiments in Russia and abroad indicate that the productivity of natural hayfields and pastures is high enough only if legumes are present in the herbage. It is also of great importance to increase their productivity by applying mineral fertilizers, which often define the final productivity of the herbage. To determine the effect of organic and mineral fertilizers on the productivity of sainfoin.

Methods: The main method used in the study was a field experiment combined with laboratory analysis. Measurements of plant density were carried out in the spring before each harvesting of cover crops and sainfoin. In the course of the study, phenological and morphological observations, accounting, and evaluation of the quality of sainfoin were carried out. The structure of the herbage was evaluated according to the following indicators: plant density, plant height, leafiness, and the area of the assimilation surface of grasses. Measurements were carried out in spring before each harvesting of grasses. Height measurements were based on the phases of plant development.

Results: Final yield data show that fertilizers have a significant impact. Thus, the yield of sainfoin and cover crops in 2019 (in the first year of the experiment) was: 4.7 t/ha for variant 8 and 4.5 t/ha for the control variant. In 2020 and 2021, the yield of experimental variant 8 exceeded that of the control variant. Statistical processing of the results of the experiment confirms the positive effect of fertilizers on the yield.

Conclusions: The best results were achieved with the use of 30 t/ha of organic fertilizers + N60 P60 K40. 

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Enhancing Indigenous Knowledge to Enhance Food Security in Rice Field Agroecosystems of Pinrang Regency, South Sulawesi Province, Indonesia
Ida Rosada, Nurliani, Farizah Dhaifina Amran, Nurhapsa, Sitti Nurani Sirajuddin, pages 84-91

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 Background: The traditional agricultural system is a cultivation system that has been passed down from generation to generation so that it becomes the local knowledge of farmers in carrying out cultivation activities. Traditional agriculture in Samaulue Village still maintains local wisdom. In the life of the community, there are social values that form local wisdom and have become part of everyday life.

Methods: The population in this study were all farmer households in Samaulue Village. The number of research samples was 50 rice farmer households. The method of determining the sample using a simple random sampling. The analytical method used in exploring the potential for local wisdom values in supporting food security is a qualitative descriptive method and Focus Group Discussion (FGD). This research is a qualitative research.

Results: There are three forms of local wisdom that were carried out before planting, three during the provision of seeds and the initial planting, and the traditions before harvest and harvest that are still being carried out are two. The dimensions of food security from the aspect of food availability, people rely on the availability of food that comes from their land, buying at local markets or rice selling kiosks or at rice mills in their area; in terms of food access, the main food needs of the families are fulfilled from agricultural products, while for additional food needs and daily needs are available in stalls or shops and kiosks; lastly for the food absorption dimension, the families underwent a pattern of eating three times a day.

Conclusion: Local wisdom which refers to local culture in rice farming production activities includes: tudang sipulung, mappalili and mappammula (pre-planting activities), mampo and mappammula mattaneng (seed provision and initial planting activities). The form of local wisdom is preparing food reserves in the household because the tradition of mappatala (eating together), pamali (not allowed) to empty the rice container (pabbarassengeng) in the house and has brought the rice field agro-ecosystem community never experiencing hunger, even though there is a scarcity of rice. 

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Assessing the Awareness, Perceptions, and Behaviors Regarding the Harmful Effects of Smoking Among Smokers – An Interventional Community-Based Study
Santhi Muttipoll Dharmarajlu, Hamad Ghaleb Dailah1, Anuratha MD, pages 92-98

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 Background: Tobacco use is the leading preventable cause of premature deaths. Tobacco control remains a top priority, and health warning labels (HWLs) are one of the recommended methods. The goal of health education is to influence their perception of tobacco use, thereby discouraging smokers and would-be-smokers from smoking. This study is aimed at ascertaining the level of awareness, perceptions, and behaviors regarding the harmful effects of smoking among male smokers in Farasan Island, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.  

Methods: A pre-experimental group with pre-and post-test design was conducted from January 2022 to March 2022. Totally 200 Participants were selected using a non-probability purposive sampling technique. The questionnaire was prepared using the Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS) and World Health Organization guidelines.

Results: Of the 199 participants, 91% had a family history of smoking, and 78.4% started smoking between the ages of 22–23. Most participants (48.2%) smoked 2–5 cigarettes per day. The mean knowledge score increased in the pretest from 4.49 (1.787) to post-test 17.5 (1.07), with a mean difference of 6.237. In perception, the maximum score was 55, while the mean score significantly increased from 21.65 (3.21) to 49.78 (2.69) in the post-test. Therefore, the educational intervention successfully improved both knowledge and perceptions of smoking.

Conclusion: Most participants had a family history of smoking and started smoking at a young age. This study highlights the need for increased awareness and education regarding the harmful effects of smoking and the development of strategies for smoking cessation. 

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Effect of soybean milk dregs fermented with Aspergillus ficuum in rations on the performance and quality of quail eggs
Gita Ciptaan, Mirnawati, Qurrata Aini, Anifah Srifani, Malik Makmur, pages 99-103

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 Background: Soybean milk dregs (SMD) are one of the potential feed ingredients for quail, however improving their nutritional value and utilization requires a biotechnological approach. This investigation was performed on the percentage and effect of using fermented soybean milk dregs (FSMD) inoculated with Aspergillus ficuum in quail rations.

Methods: 200 quails (Coturnix japonica), aged 20 weeks, were used in this study. They were kept in 20 battery cage units, each with 10 quails inside. The analysis was carried out using a completely randomized design with 5 treatment rations and 4 replications. The treatment rations were R1, R2, R3, R4, and R5 using 0, 10, 15, 20, and 25% FSMD respectively, which were prepared based on 20% iso-protein and 2800 kcal/kg iso-calorie. Feed consumption, egg production, egg mass, feed conversion, egg weight, shell thickness, and quail yolk color were among the variables that were observed.

Results: According to the results of the analysis of variance, feed consumption, egg production, egg mass, feed conversion, egg weight, and shell thickness were all unaffected by the use of FSMD (P >0.05). Additionally, there was a strong correlation between parameters under the treatment effect, with the exception of egg thickness.

Conclusion: The optimum level of fermented soybean milk dregs was 25% level in quail rations. 

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The Effects of Hibiscus sabdariffa and Salvia officinalis Aqueous Extracts on Reproductive Function, Antioxidant Status, and Epididymal Sperm Quality in Male Rats
Hager S. Okasha, Eman G.E. Helal, Manal M.S. Mansoury, Ghadeer M. Alsreh, Hala A.H. Khattab, pages 104-111

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 Background: Phytoestrogens are non-estradiol molecules categorized as endocrine-disrupting chemicals, which means they can alter the hormonal equilibrium and cause reproductive problems. Studies suggested Hibiscus sabdariffa (H. sabdariffa) possible use as alternative to hormone replacement therapy in ovarian hypofunction patients. Salvia officinalis (S. officinalis) contains phytoestrogen steroids and isoflavonoids. The purpose of this research was to examine the estrogenic effects of H. sabdariffa and S. officinalis aqueous extracts on male reproductive hormones and testicular histology and function.

Methods: Three groups of six male rats each were utilized as follows: control (distilled water),  H. sabdariffa (500 mg/kg aqueous extract), and S. officinalis (500 mg/kg aqueous extract). Blood, epididymis. Testis and serum samples were gathered after 30 days for biochemical analysis, sperm characteristics, and histological evaluations.

Results: Compared to the control and S. officinalis groups, H. sabdariffa caused a significant reduction in body weight (BW) and percent BW gain (%BWG). Relative to the control rats, the two extracts dramatically reduced testicular weight, sperm motility, concentration, and viability while raising abnormalities. Furthermore, the herbal extract groups demonstrated a significant decrease in blood testosterone levels while increasing serum prolactin, FSH, and LH levels. Consumption of both herbs also caused testicular histological changes such as degenerated seminiferous tubules, with a diminished number of mature spermatozoa in the tubular lumen, reduced diameter of seminiferous tubules, and the presence of exfoliated cells in the tubular lumen.

Conclusion: The results of this study revealed that the aqueous extracts of H. sabdariffa and S. officinalis may negatively impact male fertility. However, more research is needed to validate these findings and investigate the mechanistic components of these impacts. 

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Enhancing Gerodietic Nutrition: Innovative Technology for Developing Health-Promoting Feed
Manana Tkeshelashvili, Galina Bobozhonova, pages 112-118
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 Background: The growing elderly population calls for specialized dietary options to address the unique nutritional needs of aging individuals. Current food production methods often overlook the dietary requirements of older adults. Expanding the range of gerodietic food products can significantly contribute to improving the health and well-being of the elderly.

Methods: This study focuses on the development of gerodietic cookies, a pastry product enriched with key additives—phytolin, collagen hydrolysate, and trehalose. Organoleptic and physicochemical parameters of the cookies were evaluated using standard techniques. The formulated cookies aim to support collagen-containing tissues' health, reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes, and lower the product's glycemic index while maintaining an appealing taste and texture.

Results: The synergistic effects of phytolin, collagen hydrolysate, and trehalose in the gerodietic cookies contribute to their potential health benefits. The study determined the optimal composition of these additives, ensuring their effectiveness and overall product quality. The enriched cookies displayed favorable characteristics, including uniform porosity, pleasant aroma, and taste, meeting the established standards for alkalinity, moisture content, and wetness.

Conclusion: Developing gerodietic cookies with scientifically justified formulations offers a promising approach to address the dietary needs of the elderly population. These cookies have the potential to support collagen-rich tissues, mitigate the risk of type 2 diabetes, and provide a tasty and nutritious addition to the diet of older adults. This research contributes to the growing field of gerodietic nutrition, offering innovative solutions to promote healthy aging through dietary choices.

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The role of Vitamin C and Ferrlecit in Reducing of Micronucleus induced by MTX Chemotherapy
Alyaa Abdulhadi Salih, Lina Mussa Kadhim, pages 119-124
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 Background: Methotrexate (MTX) has been used for a long time as rheumatoid arthritis medication as well as for the treatment of several malignancies, including hepatoma, lymphoma, treatments of MTX and other anticancer medications are now being considered and used for various tumor treatments in order to lessen MTX-induced adverse effects and boost anticancer efficacy. As a result, the current work suggests a potentially strong therapeutic strategy for malignancies involving the use of vitamin C, ferret (Sodium Ferric Gluconate), and MTX.

Methods: Totally, 30 Albino Swiss male mice were selected and divided equally into 6 groups; negative control (no drug administered), positive control (received a single 20 mg/kg dosage of MTX, in addition to four treated groups; group 1: Vitamin C 50 mg/kg, group 2: ferrlecit 30 mg/kg, group 3: Vitamin C + MTX and group 4: ferrlecit + MTX. Samples were collected 48 hr. following the last dose of the medication. Smears were collected and Giemsa-stained. To analyze micronuclei, 1000 polychromatic erythrocytes (PECs) were counted in each animal.

Results: MTX increased cytotoxicity in the bone marrow, which was shown by a marked increase in MN formation in contrast to control. Statistically substantial decreases in percentage of micronuclei were seen in both combination pretreatment groups (MTX and Vit C) and (MTX and Fe) in comparison to mice given MTX alone. Ferrlecit was less efficient than vitamin C at preventing MTX-induced micronuclei.

Conclusion: This study concluded that the combination pretreatment has a considerable anti-toxicity impact on genetic damage. This therapeutic approach may be beneficial for future clinical cancer therapy. 

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Molecular Genetic Assessment of Nodular Dermatitis Virus in Cattle Herds
Larisa Gnezdilova, Vita Laga, Saida Marzanova, Elena Yarygina, Sergej Pozyabin, Marina Selina, pages 125-129
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 Background: The study highlights the significance of data availability in molecular genetic research, focusing on cattle nodular dermatitis virus. Limited data on Russian genetic variants hinders comprehensive virus characterization. Molecular genetic methods are crucial for accurate diagnosis, considering cross-reactions with poxviruses. Increased data availability is essential to improve diagnostics and biosafety in the region.

Method: The researchers conducted a molecular genetic analysis of the gene sequences of the nodular dermatitis virus to assess the variability of the virus. The authors used the GenBank database to compare sequences and used the MEGA X program for phylogenetic analysis and sequence alignment.

Results: The sequences of the nodular dermatitis virus closest to the Russian genetic variants have been determined. The volumes of available epizootiological and molecular genetic data were compared, and the circulation of the vaccine strain was confirmed.

Conclusion: The article emphasizes the need to increase the availability of data on the genetic sequences of Russian samples to fully characterize the genetic diversity of the nodular dermatitis virus. Despite the limited data, the authors observed a tendency to increase genetic diversity. They recommend isolating and storing the virus in the cell culture to enhance genetic information. 

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Screening and Optimization of Dextransucrase Production from Lactobacillus acidophilus
Yasameen Hasan Ali Al-anbakey, Sahira Nsayef Muslim, Israa Hussein Hamzah, pages 130-135
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 Background: Dextransucrase is an enzyme synthesized by many bacterial genera, which catalyzes the hydrolysis of sucrose to produce dextran, a polysaccharide with a wide range of medical, pharmaceutical, and industrial applications. The study aimed at isolating Lactobacillus species from the human vagina, assessing the production of dextransucrase, and determining the optimal growth conditions.

Methods: A total of 53 bacterial samples were isolated from the reproductive tract of healthy women. Out of these 53 samples, 21 isolates of Lactobacillus spp. were obtained. Dextransucrase production was assessed using both the mucoid and spectrophotometric techniques. The effects of natural carbon, nitrogen sources, concentrations of nitrogen, protein, and sucrose, inoculum size, pH, temperature, and incubation time were evaluated to determine the optimal conditions.

Results: The findings showing that Lactobacillus acidophilus isolates produced more dextransucrase than isolates of Lactobacillus plantarum, with Lactobacillus acidophilus V19 being the strongest producer isolate due to its highest specific activity. The best conditions for producing dextransucrase were to use a dextransucrase production medium that underwent incubation at 37°C for 48 hours at pH 5.5, with a concentration of 6% sucrose, and 4% inoculum size. The most efficient source of nitrogen was 6% beef extract, and the best source of carbon was dates. At this point, the dextransucrase activity was at its highest.

Conclusion: The findings of the study revealed that the optimal conditions for dextransucrase production are a pH of 5.5, 4% inoculum size, 6% dates extract as a carbon source, 6% beef extract as a nitrogen source, and 48 hours of incubation at 37°C. 

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Naringenin as a potent inhibitor molecule for targeting microtubule affinity-regulating kinase 4 (mark4): a molecular docking and in vitro study for therapeutics of Alzheimer's disease
Mohammad Zubair Alam, Hala Abubaker Bagabir, Mohammad Alameen Faisal Zaher, Thamer M. A. Alqurash, Badrah S. Alghamdi, Ghulam Md Ashraf, Mohsin Kazi, pages 136-143
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 Background: About 0.7-1.0 million people worldwide have been suffering from Leishmaniasis. It falls under a neglected tropical disease (NTD) and is transmitted by biting infected female phlebotomine sandflies. The implication of “the NTD road map: together towards 2030” in the infection-prone regions worldwide has curtailed morbidity to a greater extent. However, limited options in antileishmanial oral and topical drugs must decipher more therapeutically efficacious agents to cure and eradicate the disease. 

Methods: Virtual screening based on structure, docking, & molecular dynamics approaches were adopted to identify potential lead molecules against UvrD-like helicase of Leishmania donovani from the MCULE database. Lipinski rule of five, N/O atoms (1-15), number of rings (1-2), HBDs (4-5), and HBAs (5-10) were applied as initial filters of SBVS. AutoDock Vina and GROMACS packages were used for docking and MD simulations, respectively. 

Results: Initial filters of SBVS workflow yielded 93885 ligand hits out of 100 plus million investigational ligands. Following the toxicology test, 28 ligands were gotten that were additional reduced to molecules (17) when accepted done the BOILED Egg model of the ADME. Six molecules were shortlisted with zero violation compliance of drug-likeness further than Lipinski RO5 viz., Egan, Veber, Muegge, Ghose, & bioavailability score having ΔG (-6.7 to -7.4 kcalmol-1) lesser than reference inhibitor miltefosine (-4.9 kcalmol-1). The stability of MCULE-5754880195-0-2 was found to be greater than the known inhibitor and ligand molecules mentioned above.

Conclusion:  MCULE-5754880195-0-2 has all therapeutic features by way of an admirable oral drug molecule & could be encouraging in Leishmaniasis prevention & treatment.

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Structural interpretation of the NS3 helicase ATP binding domain of Zika virus (ZIKV)
Afnan Mohammed Shakoori, Nida Alsaffar, pages 144-152
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 Background: The Zika virus, a mosquito-borne virus, was discovered in Uganda and quickly spread to Asia and the Pacific. Zika is mainly transmitted by the bite of an infected Aedes species mosquito (Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus). These mosquitos bite both during the day and at night.

Methods: Numerous tools (SMART, Pfam, InterProScan and Scan Prosite, BepiPred-2.0 server, I-TASSER, PROCHECK, phyre 2, protparam, and GPS 6.0) were used to elaborate the content in this publication.

Results:  The results show that HABD (187 amino acids) is a DEAH-Box RNA helicase. We also used the Ramachandran plot to validate the epitope peptides and structure modeling. We also discovered the amino acid composition and various residues/parentages in the HABD protein phosphorylation site prediction and PK-specific phosphorylation sites (p-sites). 

Conclusion: The helicase ATP binding domain (HABD), HABD protein ATP binding sites, and epitope binding peptides are discussed in this work. There are five atoms in total: nitrogen, sulfur, hydrogen, carbon, and oxygen. Hydrogen atoms (1476) provide the most to the composition. We created a graph representing the protein's predicted phosphorylation sites (p-sites). Aside from the standard statistics, GPS 6.0 may identify PK-specific p-sites hierarchically. GPS 6.0 could be a valuable service for further phosphorylation study.  

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Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in HIF-1A, VEGFa, and VHL Genes: A Comparative Study between Sea Level and High-Altitude Residents in West Saudi Arabia
Siraj B. Alharthi, Ijtihed Kilani, Abdullah Alsoliman, Romar P. Pascual, Mohamed H. Zainy, Ahmed S Albariqi, Yahya M. Alzahrani, Ahmed Alshehri, Ahmed M. El-Shehawi, Hashim M. Borayk, Mohamed Morsi M. Ahmed, pages 632-638​
Read Abstract

 Background: This comprehensive molecular study investigates the genetic variations in individuals residing at different altitudes in West Saudi Arabia, specifically contrasting sea-level residents in Jeddah (SL) with high-altitude dwellers in Taif (HA). The study focuses on the significant role of genetic adaptations in response to environmental challenges, particularly hypoxia. Understanding these genetic differences according to geographical location is crucial for multiple reasons. It not only sheds light on the adaptive mechanisms that humans develop in response to environmental stressors like reduced oxygen levels but also has broader implications for medical, anthropological, and evolutionary studies. By exploring how distinct populations adapt to their environments, this research provides valuable insights into the complex interplay between genetics, health, and disease, highlighting the importance of considering genetic diversity in medical and genetic research.

Methods: The research involved amplifying and sequencing three pivotal genes associated with hypoxia adaptation: Hif-1a, VEGFa, and VHL. Advanced genomic techniques were utilized to analyze samples from 22 volunteers, 10 from the sea level region of Jeddah and 12 from the high-altitude region of Taif. The study aimed to identify and analyze single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in these genes and their implications in altitude adaptation.

Results: Distinct SNPs were identified in the Hif-1a, VEGFa, and VHL genes, with high-altitude residents displaying more pronounced variations. The phylogenetic analysis demonstrated clear genetic clustering based on altitude, highlighting the molecular adaptations induced by altitude variations. The study reveals a complex interplay between genetics and environmental conditions, significantly contributing to our understanding of human adaptation to high altitudes.

Conclusion: This research underscores the profound impact of altitude on human genetics. The findings provide critical insights into how genetic variations facilitate adaptation to challenging environmental conditions, such as hypoxia, encountered at high altitudes. These insights have broad implications, potentially informing medical research related to altitude sickness and other altitude-related health issues. 

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The Therapeutic Effect of Hydroxychloroquine on Patients with Recurrent Miscarriage and the Risk Assessment of its Ocular Retinal Toxicity
Ai Zhang, Xianhe Zheng, Xiaoli Zhu, Jing Zheng, pages 162-172
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 Background: Recurrent miscarriage (RM) refers to the unfortunate loss of pregnancy at least three times before the 20th week of gestation. The present study examined hydroxychloroquine (HCQ)'s therapeutic effects in recurrent miscarriage owing to potential positive outcomes like increased rate of live births and negative outcomes like ocular and retinal toxicity.

Methods: The investigation involved the randomization of 400 mg of HCQ intervention in 91 pregnant women attending a monthly clinic at the Wenzhou TCM Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University.

Results: According to the results, HCQ results in positive pregnancy outcomes, with improving rates of live births with continued use of the medication. At the same time, the results produced significant safety issues, including HCQ deposition in the retina and ocular toxicity. An investigation of HCQ's effects on the retinal nerve fiber layer measurements, ganglion cell layer measurements, and the inner plexiform layer measurements revealed a dynamic trend.

Conclusion: We did not obtain conclusive outcomes regarding HCQ's effects on the changes in retinal measurements. However, the deposition of HCQ in the retina and the resulting vision loss, especially loss of color vision, stood out. These outcomes represent the safety and therapeutic effects of HCQ in pregnancy, posing concerns and creating the need for further studies. Interestingly, none of these outcomes were related to or dependent on the participants' age. 

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Predicting Leptospirosis Outcomes in Dogs with the Simplified Acute Physiology Score
Sergey Laptev, Nikolai Pimenov, Sergej Pozyabin, Vasily Ivanyuk, Saida Marzanova, Kristina Permyakova, Marina Selina, pages 173-181
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 Background: Leptospirosis is a serious infectious disease affecting dogs, caused by the spirochete bacterium Leptospira. Understanding the prognosis and severity of the disease is essential for effective clinical management. This study aimed to assess the use of the PIRO and SAPS scales in predicting the outcome of leptospirosis in dogs.

Methods: The study involved 24 dogs diagnosed with leptospirosis and a control group of 22 healthy dogs. Clinical assessments were conducted, and scores on the PIRO and SAPS scales were assigned within 24 hours of admission. Statistical analyses, including correlation and regression, were employed to evaluate the relationship between scale scores and disease outcomes.

Results: In dogs with leptospirosis, SAPS scale scores exhibited a strong positive correlation with disease outcomes, indicating a robust association. Scores on the SAPS scale were associated with the severity of the disease, with specific score ranges indicative of a moderate, severe, or fatal outcome. The PIRO scale also demonstrated a substantial correlation with SAPS scores and disease prognosis. In cases where the immune system was compromised, protective mechanisms activated with a delay, increasing the risk of fatality.

Conclusion: The PIRO and SAPS scales provide valuable tools for assessing the severity and predicting the outcome of leptospirosis in dogs. These scales offer clinicians a means to promptly evaluate the risk of physiological disruptions and sepsis complications in dogs with leptospirosis, ultimately aiding in clinical decision-making and treatment planning. 

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Comparison between some genera of Grammosciadium and Torilis belonging to the (Apiaceae) family using nucleotide sequence of Matk gene into a protein
Nagham Thayer Salman, Ghassan Radam Idan Al.Taie, Ali Mala Khedir Galalaey, pages 182-187
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 Background: The amino acid composition of certain species of the Grammosciadium and Torilis genera, belonging to the Apiaceae or Umbelliferae family, is investigated. This family of flowering plants is named after the genus Apium and is commonly referred to as the celery or carrot family. These plants are found in the wild in temperate regions and the northern regions of Iraq.

Methods: The research was carried out in the Molecular Genetics Laboratory at the College of Education for Pure Sciences, University of Diyala, Iraq. A total of 40 plant samples were collected from various places in Iraq, with 10 samples obtained for each species. The pliable specimens were enclosed in nylon pouches, stored in the refrigerator, and conveyed to the laboratory for the explicit objective of DNA extraction, with the subsequent data being duly documented. The molecular systematic research on Apioideae has involved international collaboration. The ongoing investigations will focus on analyzing the remaining 200 or so genera that have not been reviewed previously, particularly those that have been difficult to classify phylogenetically. Additionally, the current tribes and clades will be re-examined and improved. The current and upcoming updates to all of these well-known groups, which will include both molecular and morphological information, will finally lead to the creation of a new classification for the subfamily.

Results: The results demonstrated a distinction in nucleotide sequences of the Matk gene across two genera as well as between species belonging to the same genus. Specifically, there were variations in the arrangement of 20 amino acids. The pH value of 14.03 was recorded as the maximum for citric acid in G. daucoides.

Conclusion: The commonality lies in the relative quantities of certain amino acids. Members of the same genus, as well as people belonging to the same species. 

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Harnessing Natural Compounds for Effective Inhibition of HK2 and GLS1 in Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Structure-Based Virtual Screening Approach
Yousef M. Alshehre, pages 188-193
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 Background: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a persistent, inflammatory autoimmune disease that mostly affects joints. Advanced RA may cause irreversible bone damage, limiting joint mobility. RA patients are at higher risk of secondary complications like myocardial infarctions, strokes, pulmonary dysfunction, neurological abnormalities, and depression. Physical therapy is a common arthritis treatment that can reduce symptoms when combined with medications. In RA, metabolic reprogramming is frequently characterized by increased glycolysis and glutaminolysis, which coincide with increased expression of key enzymes, namely hexokinase 2 (HK2) and glutaminase 1 (GLS1).

Methods: Here in this study, 2706 phytochemicals from the Biopurify Phytochemicals subsets of the ZINC database were computationally screened against the active sites of HK2 and GLS1 proteins using Autodock vina. The docking poses and interaction analysis were examined using the Discovery Studio visualizer.

Results: The compounds ZINC8234294, ZINC49888756, ZINC95627883, ZINC4096846, ZINC4098366 and ZINC49823084 interacted strongly with the majority of the active site residues of both HK2 and GLS1 proteins. The interactions of these compounds with HK2 and GLS1 were found to be facilitated by various aspects of the interactions, including the Ligand SASA, the total number of favorable and unfavorable interactions, the charge, and the number of hydrophobic and hydrogen bonds formed during the interaction.

Conclusion: Targeting HK2 and GLS1, these compounds could serve as potential drug candidates for metabolic reprogramming in RA. Given that the current study is based on in silico analysis, experimental validation is necessary. 

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Ringworm detection using the instance of segmentation potential of YOLOv7 in dromedary camels
Fawaghy Alhashmi, Nabil Mansour, Shaher Bano Mirza, Fouad Lamghari, pages 194-199
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 Background: Dermatophytosis, commonly known as ringworm, is a contagious fungal skin disease prevalent among camels, particularly of 1-3 years old, and resulting in considerable economic losses. Recently, using machine learning technology presents a promising avenue for achieving high diagnostic accuracy, especially in identifying infected camels in remote farm settings.

Methods: A dataset comprising 801 images from 61 camels aged 12-15 months was subjected to analysis using YOLOv7 (You Only Look Once, volume 7), a Machine learning model. Subsequently, the YOLOv7 algorithm's efficacy in distinguishing between healthy and ringworm-infected camels was evaluated.

Results: The YOLOv7 algorithm demonstrated robust capability in accurately identifying ringworm-infected skin and distinguishing it from healthy skin in camels. Validation set results revealed an average precision (AP) of 0.944, indicating high effectiveness in discriminating between normal and infected skin. Furthermore, the algorithm exhibited proficiency in classifying the severity of skin infection among the identified cases. Of the 61 camels analyzed, 36 were found to be infected, representing an incidence rate of 59%. These infected camels were further categorized into groups based on the severity of infection, with 6 classifieds as mild (<50 infection spots), 5 as moderate (50-100 spots), and 25 as severe (>100 spots).

Conclusion: The YOLOv7 model emerges as a dependable tool for the identification and classification of camel ringworm infections. Its implementation incorporated in farm surveillance and notification system holds promise for early detection of such issues and effective monitoring of camels kept under farm conditions in remote areas. 

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Structure-Based Virtual Screening of Natural Compounds for Inhibition of Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase 1B: A Promising Therapeutic Approach in Diabetes Management
Ahmad Salah Alkathiri, pages 200-205
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 Background: Diabetes is a metabolic disorder characterized by an imbalance in insulin synthesis or utilization, resulting in elevated blood glucose levels. Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is characterized by high blood glucose levels, which are primarily caused by insulin resistance, resulting in a variety of complications and a significant impact on vital organs. The primary function of protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) is to regulate the signaling pathways of insulin and leptin, both of which are involved in cellular metabolism and glucose homeostasis. PTP1B catalyzes the de-phosphorylation of active insulin receptors and insulin receptor substrates, resulting in insulin signaling downregulation.

Methods: In this study, natural compounds from the ZINC database were screened against the PTP1B protein using the PyRx 0.8 tool. The physicochemical and drug-likeness characteristics of the top five screened compounds were investigated using the SwissADME web tool.

Results: The compounds ZINC899884, ZINC56981, ZINC252509722, ZINC1843029, and ZINC21789 interacted and bound with PTP1B protein strongly, and their binding energies were higher than those of the control compounds. Furthermore, these compounds have good druglike properties.

Conclusion: This study suggests that these compounds can be used as PTP1B inhibitors for diabetes management. However, additional experimental studies are needed to optimize them as PTP1B inhibitors. 

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Genotypic study of Trichomonas gallinae in Domestic Pigeons in Basrah Province, Iraq
Harith Abdulla Najem, Sarmad Awad Mozan AL-Asadi, Isam A. Khaleefah, pages 206-211
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 Background: The current study aimed to employ polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for validating the initial clinical diagnosis. Additionally, the research utilized wet microscopic smear sequence analysis and constructed phylogenetic trees to investigate trichomoniasis in domestic pigeons in Basrah province, Iraq.

Methods: After screening dozens of cases attending local clinics, we selected the suspected cases for additional tests and verification. Furthermore, all cases were inspected for postmortem changes and samples were collected from mouth and pharynx for microscopic examination and DNA isolation. We selected fifteen clinically suspected cases that have shown positive microscopic results. DNA samples were PCR amplified for the ITS-rDNA region, followed by sequencing and Phylogenetic analysis.

Results: Our research unveiled consistent manifestations among all positively diagnosed cases. Direct examination through wet mount smears revealed the presence of the parasite. Sequence analysis and phylogenetic investigation identified the B strain of the T. gallinae parasite in domestic pigeons within Basrah province, Iraq. This strain exhibited only two haplotypes in the region,  haplotype 1 and  haplotype 2. Furthermore, our study documented the prevalence of the B genotype of T. gallinae in domestic pigeons across various countries, including China, Iraq, Iran, and Saudi Arabia.

Conclusion: The verification of T. gallinae infection in domestic pigeons was achieved through a PCR technique that utilized the ITS rDNA region as a genetic marker. Furthermore, the application of haplotype network analysis provided evidence supporting the categorization of the T. gallinae parasite in domestic pigeons as belonging to the B strain. 

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Phytochemical Screening of leaves of Polyalthia sclerophylla using Classical Methods and GC-Mass Spectroscopy: Cytotoxicity and Antibacterial Activities
Zahraa Sabbar Omran, Hend Ahmed Abbas, Farqad A. Albaidhani, Huda M. Almusawi, Mustafa Mudhafar, Mustafa M. Karhib, H. A. Alsailawi, pages 212-219
Read Abstract

 Background: The current study aimed to employ polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for validating the initial clinical diagnosis. Additionally, the research utilized wet microscopic smear sequence analysis and constructed phylogenetic trees to investigate trichomoniasis in domestic pigeons in Basrah province, Iraq.

Methods: After screening dozens of cases attending local clinics, we selected the suspected cases for additional tests and verification. Furthermore, all cases were inspected for postmortem changes and samples were collected from mouth and pharynx for microscopic examination and DNA isolation. We selected fifteen clinically suspected cases that have shown positive microscopic results. DNA samples were PCR amplified for the ITS-rDNA region, followed by sequencing and Phylogenetic analysis.

Results: Our research unveiled consistent manifestations among all positively diagnosed cases. Direct examination through wet mount smears revealed the presence of the parasite. Sequence analysis and phylogenetic investigation identified the B strain of the T. gallinae parasite in domestic pigeons within Basrah province, Iraq. This strain exhibited only two haplotypes in the region,  haplotype 1 and  haplotype 2. Furthermore, our study documented the prevalence of the B genotype of T. gallinae in domestic pigeons across various countries, including China, Iraq, Iran, and Saudi Arabia.

Conclusion: The verification of T. gallinae infection in domestic pigeons was achieved through a PCR technique that utilized the ITS rDNA region as a genetic marker. Furthermore, the application of haplotype network analysis provided evidence supporting the categorization of the T. gallinae parasite in domestic pigeons as belonging to the B strain. 

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Identification of Phytochemical through Virtual Screening for α-Amylase Inhibition: A Promising Approach for Diabetes Management
Khadija S. Radhi, pages 220-225
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 Background: Type 2 diabetes is caused by a complex combination of genetic predisposition and lifestyle factors, which contributes to its rising global incidence. α-amylase is a critical pharmaceutical target for reducing postprandial hyperglycemia in diabetes and other metabolic diseases. Because of the numerous side effects associated with synthetic anti-diabetic drugs, the use of natural substances for diabetes management has grown in popularity in recent years.

Methods: In this study, potential α-amylase inhibitors were identified using virtual screening approaches, with a focus on bioactive compounds derived from Zingiber officinale. A comprehensive screening of 383 compounds was performed against the α-amylase active site. Following that, 14 compounds were identified as having greater binding energy efficacy than the control compounds.

Results: The compounds LTS0006138, LTS0117761, LTS0176515, LTS0102243, and LTS0018665 exhibited notable interactions with the catalytic residues of α-amylase in this study, particularly by forming hydrogen bonds with multiple residues within the enzyme. Furthermore, an analysis of the molecular properties and descriptors of these five compounds showed promising drug-like properties.

Conclusion: These compounds show promise as potential novel α-amylase inhibitors; nevertheless, further experimental validation is required to optimize their potency as α-amylase inhibitors. 

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Sphingomyelin, Plasminogen, and Docosahexaenoic in Sera of Autism Spectrum Disorder Children
Ali Fadheel Hamoud, Narjis Hadi Al-Saadi, pages 226-232
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 Background: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD), more commonly referred to as autism, is a neurodevelopmental disorder that is pervasive, highly heritable, and extremely variable. It is characterized by underlying cognitive features that frequently co-occur with other conditions. Since ASD is a multifactor disease, genetics, and environmental factors can play crucial roles in its progression. However, very few biological parameters can be used as a prediction for ASD which can help in diagnosis and starting the treatment early. Given the rapidly increasing prevalence of ASD, there is an urgent need to identify related diagnostic biomarkers.  This study aims to investigate the association between some blood parameters that can be used to predict ASD and classify the severity, which were the main aims of the current inquiry.

Method: A case-control study was conducted on children with ASD, 37 Kids with ASD participated in the current investigation and 46 kids as the control group, their ages were between 3-12 years. Children with ASD were divided into two subgroups depending on the severity of ASD using the Gilliam scale. Competitive and sandwich ELISA were used to measure the biochemical markers of this study.

Result: After blood samples were collected three parameters were measured (sphingomyelin, plasminogen, and docosahexaenoic acid). In medium ASD cases, the results display that there is a significant increase in all parameters (sphingomyelin, plasminogen, and docosahexaenoic acid) respectively [(OR:4.691, CI:1.289~17.068, p=0.014), (OR:7.5, CI:1.844~30.509, p=0.001), (OR:5.156, CI:1.412~18.831, p=0.001)]. On other hand, in under medium cases of ASD, there is a significant decrease in Sphingomyelin levels (OR:0.97, CI:0.356~0.836, p=0.001), plasminogen (OR: 0.5, CI: 0.169~0.560, p=0.05), and docosahexaenoic (OR: 0.22, CI: 0.63~1.771, p=0.003) when compared with the control group.

Conclusion: In sum, our results showed that these noninvasive parameters can be used as biomarkers for ASD diagnosis and disease propagation. More research needs to be done to cover other pathophysiology parameters with genetics analysis for ASD that can be used as prediction biomarkers. 

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Serum Levels of 25-OH Vitamin D3 and Vitamin D Receptor among Iraqi Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Riyam Abbas Kadhim, Rayah Salman Baban, Areej Abdul Abass Al- Omrani, Khaldoon Hussain Alhafidh, pages 233-236
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 Background: Autism spectrum disorders are a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by some degree of difficulty with social interaction and communication. It is regarded as a developmental disorder because the symptoms typically occur in the first three years of life.

Method: A total of forty-four (ASD children) and forty-four (controls) were enrolled in this study with the age range of 2 – 11 years old. 25-OH Vitamin D3 and Human Vitamin D receptor measured from serum samples by Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA).

Result: 25-OH vitamin D3 and Vitamin D Receptor were significantly lower in ASD patients’ group than in control group. There is no significant correlation between 25 OH Vitamin D3 and VDR .The ROC analysis revealed that 25OHVD3 exhibited the highest diagnostic accuracy with sensitivity (100%) and specificity (100%). In comparison, the Vitamin D Receptor exhibited a lower diagnostic accuracy with an AUC of 0.888 , sensitivity ( 95.45%) and specificity only (63.64%).

Conclusion :The concentration of 25OHvitamin D3 was significantly lower  in ASD group which means that it can be used as a marker in the early stages of autism spectrum disorder. In contrast , the vitamin D receptor may not be as effective a marker in differentiating ASD cases from controls. 

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Target-based virtual screening and molecular dynamics approach to identify potential antileishmanial agents through targeting UvrD-like helicase ATP-binding domain
Misbahuddin M Rafeeq, Nawal Helmi, Ziaullah M Sain, Johar Iqbal, Abdulrahman Alzahrani, Mohammad Othman Alkurbi, Abdullah F. Shater, Bassam M. Al-ahmadi, Mohammad Zubair Alam, Qamre Alam, pages 237-245​
Read Abstract

 Background: About 0.7-1.0 million people worldwide have been suffering from Leishmaniasis. It falls under a neglected tropical disease (NTD) and is transmitted by biting infected female phlebotomine sandflies. The implication of “the NTD road map: together towards 2030” in the infection-prone regions worldwide has curtailed morbidity to a greater extent. However, limited options in antileishmanial oral and topical drugs must decipher more therapeutically efficacious agents to cure and eradicate the disease. 

Methods: Virtual screening based on structure, docking, & molecular dynamics approaches were adopted to identify potential lead molecules against UvrD-like helicase of Leishmania donovani from the MCULE database. Lipinski rule of five, N/O atoms (1-15), number of rings (1-2), HBDs (4-5), and HBAs (5-10) were applied as initial filters of SBVS. AutoDock Vina and GROMACS packages were used for docking and MD simulations, respectively. 

Results: Initial filters of SBVS workflow yielded 93885 ligand hits out of 100 plus million investigational ligands. Following the toxicology test, 28 ligands were gotten that were additional reduced to molecules (17) when accepted done the BOILED Egg model of the ADME. Six molecules were shortlisted with zero violation compliance of drug-likeness further than Lipinski RO5 viz., Egan, Veber, Muegge, Ghose, & bioavailability score having ΔG (-6.7 to -7.4 kcalmol-1) lesser than reference inhibitor miltefosine (-4.9 kcalmol-1). The stability of MCULE-5754880195-0-2 was found to be greater than the known inhibitor and ligand molecules mentioned above.

Conclusion:  MCULE-5754880195-0-2 has all therapeutic features by way of an admirable oral drug molecule & could be encouraging in Leishmaniasis prevention & treatment. 

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Fractional composition of beer wort with different proportions of unmalted barley in the mash and their influence on processes during mashing
Madina Khokonova, Marat Aubakirov, Sergey Garmashov, Maksim Prosin, Alexey Aleshkov, Inna Shogenova, Akmaral Shaimagambetova, pages 246-251​
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 Background: The background of this research lies in the pivotal role of protein breakdown during the mashing process for producing high-quality beer. Abnormal protein degradation can adversely impact beer properties and stability. This study explores the effects of different heat treatment temperatures on unmalted barley, aiming to enhance our understanding of how such treatments influence the fractional nitrogen composition of beer wort, thus contributing to improved brewing practices and product quality.

Methods: The methodology includes complex research steps, including malt preparation, mash production, and a thorough analysis of nitrogen fractions, which allows for a detailed study of the dynamics of proteolysis during beer mashing.

Results: In the obtained results, evaluating the amine nitrogen content in wort through chemical analysis unveils a consistent amine nitrogen level when thermal treatment of unmalted mash occurs between 100-138°C. Beyond this range, as the processing temperature of unmalted mash increases, there is a subsequent decrease in amine nitrogen content. Despite the efficient hydrolytic cleavage of starch in unmalted raw material due to elevated temperature treatment, the nitrogen content of the beer wort remains largely unaffected.

Conclusion: The authors conclude that increasing the heat treatment temperature of unmalted barley has a significant impact on the total soluble nitrogen content in the resulting beer wort. This increase is mainly attributed to the high-molecular-weight nitrogenous substances of fraction A, showcasing the potential for controlled proteolysis. Furthermore, the study suggests that achieving optimal proteolysis by employing malt with high proteolytic activity and conducting proteolysis of unmalted barley proteins prior to heat treatment enhances the overall brewing process. 

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hSSB1 (NABP2) as Prognostic for Worker's Exposure to Oxidative Stress
Rafed Abbas Kadhum, Nasser Nafaa Abrahem Alqurashy, Jinan Tuma Sabah, pages 252-257
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 Background: Oxidative stress can be defined as a phenomenon brought on by an imbalance between biological system's capacity for detoxifying such reactive products and the formation and build-up of ROS in tissues and cells. X-rays have an effect on the systems of the human body, hSSB1 (NABP2) plays a crucial role in DNA damage responses by taking part in a repair regarding double-strand DNA breaks and the base excision repair of oxidized guanine residues (8-oxoguanine). Here, we show that hSSB1 stabilizes as an oligomer in response to oxidative stress, which is necessary for the hSSB1 to remove 8oxoguanine.

Methods: In this study, the detection of NABP2 (SSB-I) (Single-stranded DNA binding protein (ATM / MRN path-way)) expression through QRT-PCR is considered a key method. Depending on the Centre for Radiation Protection, employees exposed to weak doses of y -rays approximately (2-10) cGy could experience X-ray Geno toxicity. The exposure group worked in close proximity to the source (X-ray) and control group. Whole blood had been collected from all of the individuals, according to the findings.

Results: NABP2 (hSSBI) expression increased in people who were exposed for longer than lcGy and decreased in the controls. was enhanced as a result of the Geno toxicity caused by low doses of X-rays. X-ray oxidative stress stimulates. Single-stranded DNA (ssDNA)-binding proteins like OBFC2B, which bind to single-stranded DNA (NABP2; SSBI).

Conclusion: In the present study, the conclusion that has been reached is that the exposure of the individuals to the low dosages from the I-DIR had led to the occurrence of some slight symptoms that can't be noticed via outside signs as in the high dosages, therefore, it we have studied the changes in gene expression like XRCC-I, XRCC-2, FOXM-I, it was researched hSSB1 (NABP2) for the purpose of knowing effects of the I-DIR. Using radioisotopes in industry, science, and medicine, must be implemented in such a way as to keep the environment and people safe for a long time. 

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Evaluation of the effects of magnesium oxide (MgO) nanoparticles on adults of Schistocerca gregaria
Hussein M. Prism, Mohammed N. AL-Owaidi, pages 258-262
Read Abstract

 Background: The current study aimed to employ polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for validating the initial clinical diagnosis. Additionally, the research utilized wet microscopic smear sequence analysis and constructed phylogenetic trees to investigate trichomoniasis in domestic pigeons in Basrah province, Iraq.

Methods: After screening dozens of cases attending local clinics, we selected the suspected cases for additional tests and verification. Furthermore, all cases were inspected for postmortem changes and samples were collected from mouth and pharynx for microscopic examination and DNA isolation. We selected fifteen clinically suspected cases that have shown positive microscopic results. DNA samples were PCR amplified for the ITS-rDNA region, followed by sequencing and Phylogenetic analysis.

Results: Our research unveiled consistent manifestations among all positively diagnosed cases. Direct examination through wet mount smears revealed the presence of the parasite. Sequence analysis and phylogenetic investigation identified the B strain of the T. gallinae parasite in domestic pigeons within Basrah province, Iraq. This strain exhibited only two haplotypes in the region,  haplotype 1 and  haplotype 2. Furthermore, our study documented the prevalence of the B genotype of T. gallinae in domestic pigeons across various countries, including China, Iraq, Iran, and Saudi Arabia.

Conclusion: The verification of T. gallinae infection in domestic pigeons was achieved through a PCR technique that utilized the ITS rDNA region as a genetic marker. Furthermore, the application of haplotype network analysis provided evidence supporting the categorization of the T. gallinae parasite in domestic pigeons as belonging to the B strain. 

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Pathological and Biochemical Methods for Detection of Uranium Pollution in the Diyala-bridge Region, Iraq
Hashim M. Obaid, Bushra  I. Al. Kaisi, pages 263-267
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 Background: The present study comprised two distinct experiments. The first experiment involved a field survey conducted in the Diyala Bridge area of Baghdad, Iraq, spanning from December 2021 to May 2022. Soil, milk, and blood samples were collected from locally grazed cattle to ascertain uranium concentrations. In the second experiment, rats were subjected to poisoning with Uranyl acetate. Upon completion of the experiment, samples of liver, kidneys, and blood were collected for histopathological and biochemical analyses.

Methods: Twenty-four albino male rats were divided equally and randomly into two groups i.e., control group and intoxicated group. Uranyl acetate was given daily for 120 days by 0.05 mg/kg to the latter group. At the end of the experiment liver and kidney sample were taken for histopathological examination and stained by Masson-trichrome stain.

Results: The finding of eosin and hematoxylin stain and biochemical assay for CuZn-SOD U/mg and catalase K/mg protein were showed significantly elevated while liver tissue showed necrosis atrophy atherosclerosis cirrhosis and carcinoma characterized by irregular cell mitotic figure extensive fibrous tissue, tissue kidney presented interstitial hemorrhage and multiple granuloma.

Conclusion: Intoxicant by Uranyl acetate showed significant elevating for CuZn-SOD U/mg and catalase K/mg protein, in contrast liver tissue showed necrosis atrophy atherosclerosis cirrhosis and carcinoma, tissue kidney presented interstitial hemorrhage and multiple granulomas. 

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Metadata Analysis


Effect of Laughter Therapy on Depression among Middle-Aged Women: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Shannastaniar Aisya Adif, Muhammad Abdullah, Shih-Hsien Lin, Huan-Fang Lee, pages 268-275
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 Background: Laughter therapy, known for its health benefits, has become a popular treatment for psychological conditions such as depression over the last ten years. The effectiveness of laughter therapy may differ with the cause of depression and the age of patients. No systematic reviews or meta-analyses have focused on the impact of laughter therapy on middle-aged women's depression. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of laughter therapy on depression in middle-aged women.

Methods: Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) or quasi-experimental studies on laughter therapy were included in this systematic review and meta-analysis which compared to the control group. The systematic review included English and non-English articles that were searched in CINAHL, MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, and EMBASE electronic databases. Search terms included laugh, qigong, laughter therapy, humor, yoga, intervention, depression, middle age, menopause, and women. The article screening process was conducted by four authors independently and finally agreed upon by all. This systematic review and meta-analysis were reported according to the PRISMA guidelines. JBI critical appraisal tools were used to assess the quality of inclusion studies. The risk of bias was assessed using the risk of bias in non-randomized studies – of Interventions (ROBINS-I) assessment tool.

Results: A total of 3102 studies were examined, and two publications (two quasi-experimental studies) were included. Studies were included and evaluated by the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The results indicated a significant decrease in depression among middle-aged women.

Conclusion: Laughter therapy demonstrated cost-effectiveness and exhibited no adverse effects in middle-aged women, making it a viable option for promoting health and reducing depression among middle-aged women. 

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