Advancements in Life Sciences provides platform for the fast peer-reviewed publication of articles covering novel and innovative aspects of biological sciences. Including full length research articles and short communications, we accept material in other categories too view other submission materials. This Journal publishes articles falling in the scope of “life sciences” ranging from molecular biological or genetic discoveries to biochemical systems and new microbiological concepts in human, veterinary and plant sciences. Multidisciplinary research articles, providing novel insight and original information, that would not be publishable in single discipline devoted journals are welcomed particularly in this journal for publication. The following research areas are covered in the Journal: * Molecular Biology * Biochemistry * Agriculture * Plant-biotechnology * Genomics * Veterinary sciences * Microbiology * Health and Epidemiological studies
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Molecular Identification of Cystic Echinococcosis in Mosul, Iraq
Background: Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a significant parasitic disease with substantial global economic and public-health impacts. It is caused by the larval form of Echinococcus granulosus. Methods: The aim of this study was to identify the Echinococcus species in humans and livestock within Mosul, Iraq. This research work comprised fifty-five samples of viable Echinococcus cysts, including thirty from humans and twenty-five sheep. Human specimens were acquired from the main hospital in Mosul. Animal specimens were collected in the Al-Saadoon abattoir from June 2022 to March 2023. Results: DNA samples were extracted from the protoscolex and blastoderm of each cyst sample. The mitochondrial 12S rRNA and cox1 genes were amplified by polymerase chain reaction. Gene sequencing and phylogenetic analyses were performed on 10 PCR-positive samples (5 from humans and 5 from sheep) selected by cyst size for laboratory feasibility. Conclusion: The findings revealed that genotypes G1 and G3 were present in human echinococcosis cysts in Mosul while G1 genotypes were found in sheep. These findings highlight the need for integrated public-health and veterinary control measures. Keywords: Echinococcus granulosus, Cystic echinococcosis, sensu stricto, Nineveh, Iraq
The correlation between Fibroblast Growth Factor and Diabetic Nephropathy in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes
Background: Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a common microvascular complication of advanced-stage diabetes mellitus. Its pathogenesis is via redox imbalance, cytokine kinetics, genetics, metabolism, and microvascular dysfunction involving the kidneys. DN causes proteinuria, edema, and hypertension, which can lead to kidney failure. Type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure, high-protein diet, and smoking are recognized risk factors. Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF) regulates significant physiological activities and is engaged in DN, but its definitive mechanism is unclear. Methods: In this study, 135 participants took part: 90 patients with DN (53 men, 37 women) and 45 controls. Patients were separated into: 1- Type 2 diabetes with normal-to-borderline albuminuria (n = 45; 26 males, 19 females; ACR typically < 30 mg/g creatinine, though participants with occasional readings up to 60 mg/g were included to account for day-to-day variation in urinary albumin excretion). However, the descriptive statistics (Table 3) showed that the mean ACR in this group was 47.96 ± 38.34, suggesting that the cutoff criterion may not align with the data, or that patients were misclassified. The definition should therefore be interpreted with caution. 2- Type 2 with microalbuminuria (n = 23; 16 males, 7 females; ACR = 30–300 mg/g creatinine). 3- Type 2 with macroalbuminuria (n = 22; 11 men, 11 women; ACR > 300 mg/g). The study was conducted at Telafer Hospital (April 2021–June 2022). Serum FGF was measured using an ELISA kit. Blood (5 mL) was left to clot at room temperature for 20 minutes; the clotted blood was centrifuged at 4000 rpm for 10 minutes to separate serum. Serum fibroblast growth factor (FGF) concentration was expressed in picograms per millilitre (pg/mL). Fasting blood sugar (FBS) was measured in milligrams per decilitre (mg/dL), albumin-to-creatinine ratio (ACR) in milligrams per gram of creatinine (mg/g), and glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) as a percentage (%). Results: s-FGF levels were significantly higher in DN groups than controls (p < 0.001). FBS, HbA1c, and ACR were also elevated. Conclusion: ACR is a leading early diagnostic marker of DN. FGF is a strong candidate for a diagnostic and a disease progression-tracking biomarker in DN. Keywords: Fibroblast growth factor, diabetic nephropathy, type 2 diabetes
Assessment of Protein Klotho as Monitor in Diabetic Nephropathy
Background: Klotho is a protein found throughout the body with higher concentrations in the kidneys. Specifically, as a person ages, the levels of Klotho decline gradually, correlating with the natural decrease in kidney function. As we age, a decline in klotho leads to various age-related illnesses like chronic kidney disease, hypertension, cancer, diabetes, and heart disease. Klotho plays a role in regulating metabolism, including glucose and fatty acids, as well as aiding in bile acid production. Methods: A total of 135 subjects were enrolled in this study, comprising 90 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and 45 healthy controls. The diabetic patients were divided into three subgroups based on the level of albuminuria: macroalbuminuria (n = 22), microalbuminuria (n = 23), and normoalbuminuria (n = 45). Serum Klotho levels were measured using the ELISA technique, along with other kidney function tests. The study was conducted at the Hospital of Telafer, Mosul, Iraq, from November 2021 to April 2022. Result: Compared with controls, diabetic nephropathy (DN) patients had lower serum Klotho levels. Conclusion: The diagnosis of DN with serum klotho can be promising, and lower serum klotho serves as a good biomarker. Keywords: Diabetic nephropathy (DN), eGFR, Soluble alpha-Klotho, Albuminuria, Type 2 diabetes mellitus
Biofilm Detection in Multidrug-Resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae via Phenotypic and Genotypic Methods in Diverse Clinical Isolates
Background: Klebsiella pneumoniae is a virulent pathogen that is resistant to several classes of antibiotics and has been responsible for severe hospital- and community-acquired infections. Physiologically found within the human gut, it can induce opportunistic infections, including pneumonia, urinary tract infection, bacteremia, and wound/burn infection. It is possible to isolate it from several clinical sources. Methods: 190 samples were collected from different health centers of Diyala Governorate between September 2022 and January 2023. These health centers were Baquba Teaching Hospital, Al-Batoul Teaching Hospital, Consulting clinic, Burn and Wound wards, and Educational Laboratories. Results: Biochemical tests and the VITEK® 2 compact system identified K. pneumoniae in 26.3% (n = 50) of isolates, with 34.0% (n = 17) being multidrug-resistant (MDR). MDR K. pneumoniae showed resistance to CTX (60%), MEM (48%), AMP (100%), AMC (68%), ATM (46%), CAZ (70%), IPM (40%), AK (38%), LEV (30%), CIP (38%), and SXT (60%). All 17 MDR isolates formed biofilms (100%) via the Microtiter Plate Method, with 76.48% (n = 13) being moderate and 23.52% (n = 4) strong producers. Molecular detection revealed 100% positivity for luxS and mrkD genes, and 41.17% (n = 7) for traT. Conclusion: MDR K. pneumoniae with robust biofilm production, virulence genes, and high-level antimicrobial resistance creates significant infection control issues. Clonal hospital spread is indicated by the genetic similarity, and further epidemiologic studies are necessary to fully understand the strain behavior. Keywords: MDR, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Virulence Factors Genes, Biofilm
The effect of TGF-β1 gene expression on patients with rheumatoid arthritis
Background: A systemic autoimmune disease, rheumatoid arthritis (RA), affects a wide range of ages and populations worldwide. In chronic RA, lymphocytes, synovial cells, antigen-presenting cells, their cytokines, and most importantly, Transforming Growth Factor-β1 (TGF-β1) are the leading players. The most critical for angiogenesis, immunosuppression, fibrosis, and chronic inflammation is TGF-β1, a potent anti-inflammatory mediator in RA with high expression at the site of RA. Methods: A total of 53 rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients (anti-CCP and RF positive) and 18 age- and sex-matched healthy controls were recruited using purposive sampling. Patients were enrolled from Al Zahraa Hospital, Al Karama Teaching Hospital, and affiliated clinics in Wasit Province. Inclusion criteria comprised confirmed RA diagnosis according to ACR/EULAR 2010 criteria, while patients with other autoimmune, infectious, or chronic inflammatory diseases were excluded. Ethical approval was obtained from the institutional review board, and informed consent was secured from all participants. Blood samples were collected for TGF-β1 gene expression analysis using RT-qPCR. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) was determined, and disease activity was classified using the DAS28 score. Results: RA patients showed significantly higher TGF-β1 expression than controls (ΔΔCt = −0.9 ± 2; t(52) = −3.28, P = 0.0019), corresponding to a geometric mean fold change of 1.87 [95 % CI: 1.28 – 2.71]. The expression of TGF-β1 on leukocytes did not vary significantly between males and females. Furthermore, TGF-β1 gene expression did not change amongst patients with low, moderate, and high disease activity levels. Conclusion: The elevated level of TGF-β1 in the contemporary study might be correlated with RA in Iraqi patients. This relationship seems independent of gender and disease activity status and highlights the importance of TGF-β1 in RA pathogenesis, indicating its possible contribution as a disease detection biomarker. The implications of these findings are significant for understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying RA and may influence future therapeutic strategies. Keywords: Rheumatoid arthritis, TGF-β1, Expression, Cytokines, Autoimmune disease
Molecular Detection of Toxoplasma gondii In Local and Imported Red Meat and Meat Products in Al-Diwaniyah City Markets, Iraq
Background: Toxoplasmosis is a prevalent parasitic disease that affects both humans and many domestic animals and causes abortion and death of fetuses and neonates. It results from infection with Toxoplasma gondii. Methods: During this study, 300 samples (150 local and 150 imported meat and product samples like steak, minced meat, sausages, burgers, and livers) were examined by microscopy on digested tissue juice prepared from the peptic digestion technique and molecularly by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The objective was to detect Toxoplasma gondii infection through the B1 gene, which is of amplicon length 469 bp. Results: The results of local meat examined through microscope and PCR technique showed that samples taken from steak meat gave the highest positive infection (22%), Minced meat (20%), burgers (12%), and liver 8%, while the lowest percentage of positive infection was in sausages; it was only one positive sample (4%). The total infection rate was 14.66% and the results did not show any significant differences in infection at infection probability (P > 0.05). Imported meat showed only 7 positive samples (4.66%). Conclusion: The higher prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in local fresh meat and meat products makes them more harmful to human health than imported meat, whereas freezing, salting, and other processes make imported meat products less contaminated than fresh meat. Based on genetic tree analysis and genotyping, the Indian strain of the parasite registered in the NCBI gene bank under the accession number DQ872518.1 is prevalent in both imported and local meat in Iraq, with a molecular similarity ranging with local strains from 99.60% to 99.96%. Keywords: Toxoplasmosis, Meat Products, B1 gene
Protective effect of aqueous extract of phoenix dactylifera pollen on lead- induced infertility in male rats
The objective of the current study was to examine Phoenix dactylifera's protective effects on the reproductive system in male white albino rats ( Rattus- Rattus). 32 adult male albino rats were used in this study,( 8)were treated orally with aqueous extract of Phoenix dactylifera at dose 300 mg/kg body weight for 30 day,(8) rats were treated with normal saline(0.9%) orally served as control group and (8)male rats treated with lead acetates(80) mg\kg intraperitoneal injection for 30 day while the fourth group included (8) male treated with lead acetates (80) mg\kg and after one hour the same animals give aqueous extract 300mg\kg orally for 30 day. The results show that weights of liver ,testes ,kidneys and spleen which appear improvement when treated with aqueous extract of plant and the result showed also increased significantly in the weight of the testes as compared with lead treated group , there's also Increased sperm count , motility sperm and life sperm %, while decreased in dead sperm % in phoenix dactylifera group as compared with lead treated group.
Detection of MexR and MexZ efflux pump genes and assessment of the synergistic effect of amikacin and gentamycin with some efflux pump inhibitors in antibiotic-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Background: A bacterium called Pseudomonas aeruginosa causes infections with high mortality rates and has the ability to rapidly acquire resistance to a variety of antibiotics. Methods: A total of 118 clinical specimens from both males and females of different age groups were gathered between early September 2022 and the end of December 2022 from several hospitals in Al-Anbar city, Iraq. The sample sources were wounds, burns, urinary tract infections (UTI), and sputum. P. aeruginosa was identified through its microscopical properties, confirmed using the VITEK 2 automated system, followed by molecular detection using the 16S rRNA gene. The Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method was used based on CLSI guidelines (CLSI, 2022) for the aminoglycoside antibiotics class. DNA extraction from the twenty isolates was conducted using Presto™ Mini gDNA Bacteria Kit. After that, molecular analysis of MexR and MexZ was performed using the PCR technique. Results: Within this, 65 isolates were determined as P. aeruginosa from 118 samples. The proportion of P. aeruginosa isolates from wound samples was 27/65 (41.5%), while in the burn wound, Urinary tract infection (UTI), and sputum were 20/65 (30.8%), 14/65(21.5%), and 4/65(6.2%), respectively. The findings of the test for antibiotic resistance were Amikacin (73.84%), Gentamycin (81.53%), Netilmicin (33.84%), and Tobramycin (66.15%). The molecular analysis of MexZ genes from the twenty isolates showed the highest prevalence, 20/20 (100%), and the MexR gene 14/20 (70%). The antagonism of aminoglycoside antibiotics by divalent cations was found, and it is noted that the presence of divalent cations increased the antibiotic Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) values. Conclusion: It was found that MexR and MexZ genes are widespread in P. aeruginosa isolates, which indicated elevated mexXY-OprM and MexAB-OprM gene expression in P. aeruginosa. These elevated efflux pumps of P. aeruginosa may influence antibiotic ion fluxes at the bacterial cell membrane, contributing to the improved resistance to aminoglycosides. The aminoglycoside resistance isolates expressed decreased efflux pumps when inhibited by CCCP and Conessine. Keywords: Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Efflux pump inhibitors, MexXY-OprM efflux system, Conessin
Feasibility analysis of bioethanol produced from Ceratophyllum demersum L. aquatic weed utilizing solar energy
Background: Biofuels have gained significant attention due to the growing demand for sustainable energy and concerns over greenhouse gas emissions. A promising candidate is Ceratophyllum demersum L., a nuisance aquatic weed common in Iraqi water systems, which potentially can be utilized in the generation of bioethanol. Methods: In this study, the possibility of using Ceratophyllum demersum L. as raw material for the generation of ethanol was investigated through the process of acid hydrolysis accompanied by fermentation. To test the accuracy and reliability of the data, the experiments were repeated in duplicate. Solar pond systems have also been utilized to provide heat for the pre-treatment and fermentation process, hence reducing the requirement for conventional sources of energy. Results: The findings revealed that Ceratophyllum demersum L. has high potential to serve as a feedstock for bioethanol production. The highest concentration of ethanol in the first trial was 82.48% at a 3M acid concentration and 2.5% substrate quantity and was 89.80% under the same conditions in the second trial. The ethanol yield represents percentage purity (v/v) determined post-fermentation. Conclusion: The study findings affirm that Ceratophyllum demersum L. is a potential raw material for the production of bioethanol. Furthermore, the combination of solar thermal systems with biomass treatment maximizes overall efficiency in energy. By so doing, this strategy lessens traditional energy requirements while striving for ecological and economic sustainability through the harvesting of untapped plant material and the harnessing of solar heat, fundamental aspects to the sustainability of bioethanol production. Keywords: Bioethanol, Solar Thermal Energy, Biofuel, Ceratophyllum demersum L.
The relationship between Uric Acid with cytokines, CRP and their effect on gout patients in Thi-Qar Governorate
Background: Gout is thought to be an autoinflammatory illness because monosodium urate (MSU) crystals trigger the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome, which in turn triggers caspase-1 to release active cytokines. Yet, it is still unclear how blood cytokine levels relate to the symptoms and clinical indicators of the illness. The serum levels of Interleukin-6 (IL-6), Adiponectin (ADP), C-Reactive Protein (CRP), and Uric Acid (UA) were examined, and their relationship with clinical and laboratory findings was discussed. Methods: ELISA was used to determine the clinical, laboratory, and cytokine levels of 80 male and female gout patients (gout group). The study also included 70 individuals without a history of arthritis for comparison. Results: On analysis, 80 out of the 150 individuals had gout arthritis. Uric Acid, IL-6, and CRP concentrations were all noticeably more prevalent in patients than in the control group (P < 0.001). Furthermore, ADP levels in patients were considerably lower than those of the control group (P < 0.001) as well. The present results were examined for age, gender, and body mass index (BMI). Conclusion: High mean levels of UA, CRP, and IL-6, in both male and female gouty patients, as well as low mean values of ADP, were discovered when biochemical parameters were evaluated. As a result, UA, IL-6, ADP, and CRP are concluded to be significant markers for the development of gout-related comorbidities and are key gout predictors. Keywords: Gout, Uric Acid (UA), Interleukin-6 (IL-6), C-Reactive Protein (CRP), Adiponectin (ADP), Inflammation
Evaluation of the produced flavone's protective properties against oxidative stress and dyslipidemia in male rats with iron-induced hepatotoxicity
Background: Hepatotoxicity is liver damage due to exposure to a toxic substance such as medications, alcohol, or certain chemicals. Iron induced hepatotoxicity may occur if the supplement is taken in excess or for an extended period. Methods: This study aimed to synthesize a series of flavone derivatives and estimate their roles as protective agents against iron-induced hepatotoxicity. Confirmation of the structure of the synthesized chalcone and flavone products was obtained through the use of FTIR spectroscopy as well as other physicochemical properties. Results: Excellent yields of chalcone derivatives were obtained through Aldol condensation of 2-hydroxyacetophenone and 2,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde using SOCl2/ETOH as a catalyst. In contrast, oxidative cyclization of the synthesized 2'-chalcone derivative in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) with iodine affords the corresponding flavone derivatives. Conclusion: The novel flavone compound exhibited a substantially efficient capability in hepatoprotection against iron overload, and we found that it exhibited antioxidant activity. Keywords: Chalcone derivative, Flavone derivative, Ferrous sulfate, Hepatotoxicity
Molecular report of resistant isolates of Theileria annulata by targeting the cytochrome b gene in cattle and ticks in Babylon, Al-Qasim city of Iraq
Background: Ticks are the carriers of the deadly animal illness theileriosis. Theileria annulata in cattle is an obligatory intracellular protozoan parasite carried by ticks (Hyalomma spp.) that infects hosts with mild, severe, and fatal illnesses. Theileria annulata, also known as tropical theileriosis, is a lymphoproliferative illness that causes severe mortality and morbidity in calves. Currently available antiparasitic medications work well in animals, but owing to developing resistance, animals may die or continue to be carriers. Treatment works best while the disease is still in its early stages. Methods: In the current study, 2.5 mL of blood was drawn from the jugular vein and placed in an EDTA anticoagulant tube. Tick samples from each animal suspected of having Theileria annulata infection were placed in plastic tubes and sent straight to the laboratory for microscopic diagnosis using a blood smear and, later, PCR testing, which yielded a positive result. Results: PCR targeting the 18S rRNA gene showed amplification in all tested blood samples (100%), confirming infection with T. annulata. In ticks, 81.25% (13/16) was positive for T. annulata. Furthermore, the cytochrome b gene (resistant gene) was detected in 100% of the calves’ samples and 81.25% of the tick samples tested using PCR. Conclusion: The cytochrome b gene was detected in all (100%) calf samples and 81.25% of tick samples, which may be a contributing factor to mortality in infected calves. Sequencing analysis is a necessary method for the identification of mutations in the ticks and calves' blood samples. Keywords: Theileria annulata, Cytochrome b gene, Tick, Buparvaquone, Sequencing
miRNA-181a and miRNA-128 expression levels as a predictive marker for response in treating Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia
Background: The genesis of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) has been established to involve the workings of certain microRNAs (miRNAs), such as miR-181a and miR-128. As such, science research has been exploring their potential as biological markers for various therapeutic uses, such as disease detection, relapse likelihood prediction, and monitoring of patient treatment response. Moreover, identifying additional miRNA biomarkers can also enable scientists to develop new treatment approaches in their entirety. Methods: This study examined 100 participants, including 70 ALL patients—i.e., 40 in remission, 20 who relapsed, and 10 who were resistant—and 30 healthy controls. Researchers employed RT-qPCR to identify and quantify expressions of miR-181a and miR-128 in blood samples and statistically compared expressions in all these groups. Results: The expression analysis revealed significant differences between the study groups for both miRNA-181a and miRNA-128 (p < 0.001). The highest peak level of expression was noted in the relapse group in comparison to the response, resistant, and control participants. Furthermore, in relapse, response, and resistant groups, there was significantly elevated expression (p < 0.05), and control levels were lowest of all (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Quantitation of expression levels of miR-181a and miR-128 holds great promise in predicting treatment response in ALL patients. More importantly, miR-181a shows promise as a specific and sensitive biomarker in predicting resistance and relapse in adult ALL patients. Keywords: miRNA-181a, Biomarkers, Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL), miRNA-128, Treatment Response, Relapse Prediction
Reciprocal relationship between neurodegeneration-related miRNAs and neurohormones in diabetes mellitus patients: The possible mechanism of high glucose neurotoxicity
Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic syndrome that causes blood glucose to remain consistently above normal. High glucose concentrations in the neuronal niche can harm neurons permanently. Some DM-related molecular events are found to cause neurological abnormalities and cognitive dysfunctions. Dopamine and oxytocin are important neurohormones that are regulated by miRNAs and could also reorganize neural function-related miRNA networks. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to assess how neurohormones and miRNAs linked to neurodegeneration interact in DM patients. Methods: For this purpose, blood samples related to type 1 (T1DM) and type 2 (T2DM) of diabetes and non-diabetic controls were used to measure hormones (dopamine, oxytocin, and thyroid hormones) by using a specific ELISA kit and circulating miRNAs by RT-PCR method. Results: Data revealed a significant reduction of dopamine and oxytocin in both types of DM, which are accompanied by miR-27a, miR-107, and miR-191 up-regulation. PTEN-induced putative kinase 1 (PINK1) protein expression is primarily inhibited by miR-27a, which leads to dopaminergic cell death and consequently reduces dopamine synthesis and release. We also found a significant decrease in miR-23a and miR-128 levels in DM that may promote dopaminergic cell vulnerability, possibly through attenuation of mitochondrial complex I. Comparing the data related to both types of DM confirmed that miR191 and miR-128 levels in T2DM are higher than in T1DM. Conclusion: It was discovered that miRNAs and neurohormones have a reciprocal interaction that may make them a promising treatment target for DM. Keywords: Diabetes mellitus, Neurodegeneration, miRNAs, Dopamine, Oxytocin, Diabetes related neurotoxicity
Estimate the relationship between SNP of the IL-17 gene (rs2275913) and cardiovascular diseases (CVDs)
Background: One cytokine that may be important in cardiovascular diseases (CVD) is interleukin-17 (IL-17). The functions of IL-17 and its receptor genes can be affected by functional genetic variations. Methods: The study examined the relationship between the IL-17A gene's rs2275913 single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs) and cardiovascular diseases (CVD) in 40 samples (30 patients and 10 controls). Results: The rs2275913 variant had a homozygous GG, heterozygous GA, and homozygous AA pattern in the population under investigation. Most patients were in the homozygous GG state, and the homozygous variant AA was present among patients and controls. The IL-17A gene had patterns of polymorphism within the tested Thi-Qar community members. Conclusion: This study found a genotype-specific association between IL-17A gene rs2275913 variants and cardiovascular disease. The GA heterozygous genotype was significantly higher in healthy volunteers than in patients (p = 0.02), indicating a possible protective effect. While no significant correlation was observed for overall allele frequency, these findings suggest that certain genotypes of this polymorphism may influence CVD prevalence among Thi-Qar residents. Keywords: IL-17 gene, SNP, Cardiovascular Diseases, rs2275913
Natalizumab Antibodies and C-X-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 13 Serum Levels in Multiple Sclerosis Patients
Background: Natalizumab is a humanized monoclonal antibody that is an established therapy for relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS). A fraction of patients, however, form anti-drug antibodies that have the potential to lessen the efficacy of therapy. To counteract this, the current study aimed to determine the incidence of anti-natalizumab immunoglobulins and examine their relationship with serum levels of C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 13 (CXCL13). Since CXCL13 is a marker of immune activation, determination of levels may provide informative insights on therapeutic effect and interpatient variation. Methods: The study was conducted between February and September 2021 and included sixty patients with multiple sclerosis who attended the Multiple Sclerosis Center in Baghdad Teaching Hospital and 30 healthy individuals as control group. The patients were on natalizumab for about one year and divided into two groups (30 responders and 30 non-responders); all of them were diagnosed by consultant physicians. Studied markers like CXCL13 and Natalizumab Abs were measured by ELISA. Results: The presence of anti-natalizumab antibodies in non-responder patients, responder patients, and healthy controls was (5, 0, 0), respectively. There was a statistically significant relationship between the presence of anti-natalizumab and the CXCL13 protein serum level in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) (p < 0.001). Conclusion: The presence of anti-natalizumab antibodies and its significant correlation with serum levels of CXCL13 in MS patients could be an informative indicator towards natalizumab treatment. Keywords: Multiple Sclerosis, C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 13, Natalizumab
Role of Absent in Melanoma (AIM2) Inflammasome and Proinflammatory Cytokines (Interleukin-18 and 33) in the Pathogenesis of Rheumatoid Arthritis in Iraqi population
Background: A chronic autoimmune illness marked by aberrant immune function is rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Absent in melanoma 2 inflammasome (AIM2), is important for the start of the innate immune response. Proinflammatory cytokines are released by the RA's activated inflammasome. Methods: In this case-control study, 52 participants were divided into 2 groups: 22 had recently been diagnosed with RA, while 30 were healthy subjects. The Disease Activity Score 28 (DAS 28) scored each patient candidate for disease activity. Rheumatologists assess disease activity. Patient and control saliva samples were analyzed using “Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)” kits to identify AIM2 inflammasome activity and IL-18 and IL-33. Results: AIM2, IL-18, and IL-33 levels in saliva were considerably higher in the patient group than in the control group. Conclusion: Elevated levels of the AIM2 inflammasome and the cytokines IL-18, and IL-33 may have a role in the pathophysiology of rheumatoid arthritis and serve as a helpful biomarker for rheumatoid arthritis early detection. Keywords: Rheumatoid arthritis, AIM2, Inflammasomes, Proinflammatory cytokines
Anti-D Antibody Prevalence and Its Role in Hemolytic Disease Among Fetuses and Neonates in Erbil City
Background: Hematologists and obstetricians have focused their attention on the Rh antigen alloimmunization, especially the Rh-D antigen, which leads to severe health defects such as haemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn (HDFN). This study aimed to develop a profile for mothers with negative Rh-D who get pregnant with babies with positive Rh-D and to determine the rate of anti-D antibodies. Methods: In this study, 1028 blood samples were collected from 514 parents, who are mothers with Rh-negative and fathers with Rh-positive, in Erbil city of Iraq, from April 2022 to April 2023. All participating mothers were Rh-negative women married to Rh-positive men, and inclusion was not limited to those with a prior Rh-positive child. However, most participants had experienced at least one pregnancy, and their obstetric histories were recorded through verbal interviews. This ensures that the reported 1.7% prevalence of anti-D antibodies represents all Rh-negative mothers with Rh-positive partners, rather than a pre-selected subgroup. Next, ABO and RhD typing tests were done for all samples (fathers and mothers), and then the Du test and antibody screening were applied to all mother samples. Results: Mothers’ blood samples were divided into age groups: 20-25: 35 (7%), 26-30: 165 (32%), 31-35: 191 (37%), 36-40: 112 (22%), and over 40: 11 (2%). Among Rh-negative mothers, blood group O was most common (40.3%), and AB least (2.9%). Of the nine anti-D–positive mothers, the highest distribution was observed in the 36–40 age group (44%), followed by 26–30 and 31–35 (22% each), and over 40 (11%), with no cases in the 20–25 age group. Conclusion: The abortion rate showed a positive correlation with increasing maternal age and pregnancy duration. Anti-D antibodies and other alloantibodies have become the major cause of HDFN. Therefore, primary screening for antibodies, monitoring, and blood transfusion are crucial in order to prevent the severity of the antibody effect on the infant. Keywords: HDFN, Haemolytic disease, Rh-D, Anti-D, Abortion
Anticancer Activity of Aqueous and Chloroform Extract of Spirulina platensis against SK-GT-4 human cancer cells
Background: Algal derived natural products proved very encouraging in cancer therapy, especially in overwhelming the proliferation and metastasis. Against global health issue that cancer represents, and the side-effects that in so many cases are a feature of established treatments, increasing attention falls on alternative treatments. Deploying bioactive agents from the natural world like these aids efforts to look beyond the traditional drug-based approach. Methods: The cytotoxicity of Spirulina platensis extracts was assessed by MTT assay. Target cells were incubated with different extract concentrations for 72 hours under standard conditions (37 °C, 5 % CO₂). The bioactive components present in these extracts were assessed using GC-MS analysis. Results: Chloroform extract and aqueous extract obtained from Spirulina platensis had cytotoxic activity against SK-GT-4; .cytotoxicity of the extracts increased in a concentration-dependent manner. The esophageal cancer SK-GT-4 cell line was more sensitive to extracts than in normal HBL100 cell line. An experiment that made use of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) discovered that an extract of the plant in its aqueous form had a total of 35 bioactive chemicals, whilst an extract of the plant in its chloroform form included a total of 84 bioactive phytochemical components. Conclusion: The findings of this study make it abundantly evident that Spirulina platensis, despite the fact that it is a natural product, has the potential to be further developed as an anticancer medicine. Keywords: Anticancer, SK-GT-4 cell line, Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, Spirulina platensis
Study of bone disorders after thyroidectomy in women
Background: A reduction in IGF-1, thyroid hormones, as well as calcium, PTH, vitamin D, human bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (PAP), and Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) are prominent complications that can arise after total thyroidectomy. These complications can exhibit a wide range of severity, from asymptomatic cases to acute life-threatening conditions. Methods: The study included three patient groups (n = 30 each) at different time intervals post-thyroidectomy and one healthy control group (n = 30). Omitted from the study were patients with cancer, diabetes, hypertension, and pregnant women. The scope of the study was confined to patients who had undergone surgical removal of the thyroid gland due to benign tumors or other medical reasons. Results: The results demonstrated significant differences among the four groups in IGF-1, thyroid hormones, calcium, PTH, vitamin D, and bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (PAP and ALP). In comparison with the control group, the patient groups exhibited progressively higher levels of these parameters, with the highest values observed in Group D, indicating gradual recovery and metabolic adaptation following thyroidectomy. Conclusion: The findings garnered from the conducted research indicate a progressive increase in thyroid hormones and parathyroid activity following total thyroidectomy. This trend, accompanied by elevated calcium, vitamin D, and bone-specific markers (PAP and ALP), suggests metabolic recovery and compensatory adaptation of endocrine and skeletal systems rather than functional decline. These results collectively highlight the body’s capacity for hormonal equilibrium and bone remodelling during the postoperative period. Keywords: Bone disease, IGF-1, Hypoparathyroidism, Thyroidectomy
The Clinical Significance of Nucleotide-Binding Oligomerization Domain-Like Receptor Family Pyrin Domain Containing 3 Inflammasome for the Health of Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients
Background: A recurring autoimmune disease with severe inflammation and joint destruction resulting from an immune-mediated inflammatory reaction is of concern these days, known as Rheumatoid arthritis (RA). It induces intracellular multi-protein signaling hubs, or inflammasomes, linked to pathogen sensing and triggering inflammatory processes in healthy and sick individuals. The Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor family pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) protein forms an inflammasome complex that regulate pro-inflammatory cytokine production, including interleukin-1Beta and 18. Nowadays, numerous experimental agents have been studied for investigating various approaches to improve rheumatoid arthritis treatment, including pyrin domain-containing protein 3 inhibitors. Methods: The current case-control experimental work involved 82 subjects separated into 3 groups: 22 patients were newly diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis, 30 rheumatoid arthritis patients taking methotrexate (MTX), and 30 healthy subjects. The samples of saliva were obtained from all specimens, and the salivary inflammasome levels (NLRP3) were detected using ELISA. Results: The study discovered a significant increase in salivary pyrin domain-containing 3 in patient groups in comparison with the healthy group (control). However, the results discovered that no noteworthy variance (p>0.05) was observed in salivary NLRP3 level between the newly diagnosed rheumatoid arthritis group and the rheumatoid arthritis patients in the methotrexate treatment group. Conclusion: The study suggested that the elevated level of NLRP3 has a significant impact on disease etiology and could be used as diagnostic biomarkers for rheumatoid arthritis, and could be targeted for the treatment of RA by developing novel and beneficial agents. Keywords: NLRP3, Inflammasomes, Rheumatoid arthritis, MTX
The therapeutic benefit of epicatechin in induced cytokine storm in mice
Background: Cytokine storm is an unbalanced systemic inflammatory response defined by the release of massive quantities of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines that damage tissue and lead to multiple organ failure. Several compounds are being investigated as potential modulators of excessive cytokine release that leads to systemic malfunction. This study aims to assess the therapeutic efficacy of Epicatechin in Swiss albino male mice suffering from cytokine storm induced by lipopolysaccharides (LPS). Methods: Fifty healthy male Swiss albino mice were used for the animal experiment. The mice were separated into 5 groups, each group containing 10 mice. The study involved various groups, including control (AH), lipopolysaccharides (LPS), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), methylprednisolone (MT) and epicatechin (ET), which received a single injection of 5 mg/kg lipopolysaccharide solution, except the AH group. The groups were injected with various treatments. First, a 1% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) solution was injected into the DMSO group. 50 mg/kg methylprednisolone solution was injected into the MT group. 25 mg/kg epicatechin solution was injected into the ET group. This experiment was conducted till day 8; on the 8th day, certain cytokine storm-related parameters were studied, which included the serum IL-6, TNF-α and IL-1β levels, along with lung tissue pathological changes. Results: The treated groups showed a significant decrease in all measured serum cytokine levels, along with improved lung histopathological changes compared to non-treated groups. Conclusion: Epicatechin effectively reduces all studied serum cytokine levels in mice, thereby mitigating lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced cytokine storm and lung injury. Keywords: 1% DMSO, Lipopolysaccharides, Methylprednisolone, Epicatechin, Cytokines, Cytokine Storm
Effect of Kelatin on Diabetes 2: A Double-Blind Clinical Trial
Background: Diabetes is a chronic metabolic disease characterized by high blood glucose levels. It can be treated through diet, physical activity, and medication. Insulin and antidiabetic medications are commonly used, but alternative treatments such as medicinal plants have also been studied. kelatin with the scientific name of Glaucium flavum has chemical compounds of this plant including phytol, tricosan, 2-pentadecanone, and henicosan. As a result, sesquiterpene hydrocarbons were shown as the main group of the essential oils of the species. This study sought to determine the effects of Hydroalcoholic Extract Kelatin (Glaucium flavum) on Type 2 Diabetes. Method: This is a randomized controlled clinical trial in which 66 diabetic patients were randomly divided into two groups. The experimental group patients received kelatin capsules for 60 days. Patients in control group received placebo capsules containing starch. Fasting blood sugar (FBS), hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), insulin, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), Triglyceride, Cholesterol, Creatinine and Urea were measured before and after study Results: The results of study show that, despite a significant decrease in FBS, HbA1c,Triglyceride, Cholesterol, HDL and Creatinine level before and after the study in experimental group, there were no significant difference in most variables between experimental and control group after intervention . Conclusion: In this study there was no significant difference in most variables after intervention. This result could be due to small sample size. Keywords: Kelatin, Glaucium flavum; Type 2 diabetes, Persian Traditional Medicine, Herbal Medicine
The G894T Polymorphism of the Endothelial NO-Synthase Gene Influences Human Blood Oxygen Transport
Background: Nitric oxide (NO) interacts with haemoglobin to help blood carry oxygen to tissues. The polymorphism G894 T of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (G894T eNOS) affects NO synthase activity and expression. Polymorphism's effects on oxygen-dependent biological processes are currently unknown. Methods: Study subjects were healthy young males aged 18 to 24 years (n = 172). Blood samples were drawn from the cubital vein at rest, 12 hours after the last food intake. G894T polymorphism and the blood oxygen indices (pO₂, CvO₂, SO₂, pH, p50 standard [temperature = 37 °C, pH = 7.4, pCO₂ = 40 mm Hg], and p50 actual [measured at actual temperature, pH, and pCO₂]) were determined. Results: In persons with the TT-genotype, the oxygen content in venous blood was 48.7% (p=0.006, q=0.016) lower compared to subjects with the GT-genotype and 49.4% (p=0.012, q=0.017) lower compared to subjects with the GG-genotype. The saturation of blood in carriers of the TT-genotype was 32.4% (p=0.014, q=0.018) and 35.9% (p=0.007, q=0.016) lower as opposed to subjects with the GT-genotype and the GG-genotype, respectively. In the blood of subjects with the TT-genotype, the oxygen tension was 26.1% (p=0.008, q=0.016) lower as compared to subjects with the GT-genotype and 27.4% (p=0.012, q=0.017) lower as opposed to the GG-genotype. Volunteers with a common allele in their genotype (GG + GT) had an oxygen tension approximately 36.5 % higher than subjects with the TT genotype, whereas subjects with the TT genotype exhibited oxygen tension about 26.7 % lower than those carrying a common allele (p = 0.008). The blood pH values of the subjects having the recessive genotype were 0.022 units lower compared to the GG (p=0.038, q=0.038) and GT (p=0.034, q=0.036) genotypes. In volunteers with the TT-genotype, the p50stand parameter was 5.8% (p=0.019, q=0.023) lower compared to subjects with the GT-genotype and 6.8% (p=0.009, q=0.016) lower compared to volunteers with the GG-genotype. In persons with two T-alleles in their genotype, p50act was 5.4% (p=0.008, q=0.016) lower compared to subjects with the GT-genotype and 6.4% (p=0.005, q=0.016) lower compared to persons with the GG-genotype. Conclusion: The T-allele of G894T polymorphism is associated with low values for oxygen content, oxygen tension, acidic pH shift and increased haemoglobin affinity for oxygen under standard and real conditions. The presence of a minor allele in the G894T polymorphism of the NOS3 gene contributes to the formation of the oxygen transport function of blood. Keywords: Blood Oxygen, Nitric oxide, polymorphism G894 T, Endothelium NOS, Genotype
Alpha -1- Antitrypsin, Elastase Activity as Markers for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Exacerbation
Background: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is an illness distinguished by obstruction of airflow into the airways during the breathing process. It includes emphysema and chronic bronchitis. The study's objectives are to measure the levels of neutrophil elastase and alpha-1 anti-trypsin in patients with stable and exacerbating COPD and to ascertain whether there is a relationship between the two parameters and exacerbations of the disease. Methods: A cross-sectional study was done between 40 stable and 40 exacerbation patients aged 30–85 years old, the levels of AAT and NE were measured in both groups by using the ELISA technique. Results: In general, variables affecting the results—such as gender, age, and body mass index—were taken into consideration. The concentration of AAT in the patients was recorded at 8.29 ± 1.97 ng/ml and 7.08 ± 1.57 ng/ml for the stable and exacerbation groups, respectively (p = 0.003). Similarly, the concentration of elastase enzyme activity was recorded at 878.46 ± 180.72 ng/mL and 898.46 ± 247.86 ng/mL for the stable and exacerbation groups, respectively (p = 0.52). Conclusion: AAT levels are higher in patients in the stable group than in those in the exacerbation groups, and the stable group's elastase concentration is lower than that of the exacerbation group. This discrepancy explains how the disease develops because the enzymes in the stable group control and limit the activity of elastase. In contrast, a breakdown in the exacerbation group led to an increase in elastase levels and lung tissue damage. Keywords: Alpha-1 antitrypsin, Elastase Activity, Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, ELISA technique
Biological Response and Quantitative Analysis of Bioactive Compounds in Rosmarinus officinalis Following Kinetin and Nano-Potassium Foliar Application
Background: The study focuses on the biological response and estimation of active substances in Rosmarinus officinalis as a result of spraying with kinetin and Nanopotassium. The importance of Rosmarinus officinalis in both medicinal and nutritional contexts make it an ideal subject for testing the effectiveness of nanopotassium and kinetin, two compounds that have shown promise in enhancing plant growth and the development of bioactive compounds. Methods: A field experiment was conducted in the Al-Boufraj area, Anbar Governorate, during the 2022-2023 season. The experiment involved two factors: nanopotassium at four levels (0, 20, 30, and 40 mg L⁻¹) and kinetin at three concentrations (0, 75, and 150 mg L⁻¹). The effects of these treatments on plant height, number of branches, stem diameter, chlorophyll content, and nitrogen content were analyzed using a randomized complete block design with three replications. Results: The highest plant height (82.40 cm) and number of branches (11.33 branches plant⁻¹) were recorded at the highest levels of both nanopotassium and kinetin (40 mg L⁻¹ and 150 mg L⁻¹, respectively). The maximum stem diameter (6.10 mm) was obtained for the interaction between 30 mg L⁻¹ nanopotassium and 150 mg L⁻¹ kinetin (K30 × C150), while the main effect of kinetin at 150 mg L⁻¹ produced an average diameter of 5.47 mm. The maximum chlorophyll content (54.10 SPAD units) and nitrogen concentration (1.5185%) were also achieved when combining the highest levels of both treatments. Significant differences were observed across all main effects, while the interaction between nanopotassium and kinetin was significant for plant height, chlorophyll content, and nitrogen percentage, but not for branching and stem diameter. Conclusion: The study demonstrates the positive impact of kinetin and nanopotassium on the growth characteristics and active compound production in Rosmarinus officinalis. The use of these substances, particularly in combination, offers a promising approach to improving the agricultural yield and quality of medicinal plants, with potential applications in sustainable farming practices. Keywords: Rosmarinus officinalis, Kinetin, Bioactive compounds, Nanofertilizers, Nano potassium
Effect of Ruellia tuberosa L. Leaves Extract on SGOT and SGPT Levels and Liver Histopathology in Alloxan-Induced Diabetes White Rats (Rattus norvegicus)
Background: Diabetes mellitus poses significant health risks, including liver damage, often caused by side effects of drug therapy. Ruellia tuberosa L. leaves, known for its antioxidant and antidiabetic properties, offers a promising natural alternative. This study evaluates its hepatoprotective potential by assessing Serum Glutamic Oxaloacetic Transaminase (SGOT) and Serum Glutamic Pyruvic Transaminase (SGPT) levels, along with liver histopathology in alloxan-induced diabetes white rats. Methods: The research method used was a randomized posttest-only control group design. Alloxan was injected intraperitoneally with 150 mg/kg BW (single dose). Twenty-five male white rats were randomly divided into five groups: control group of diabetic white rats (K-), diabetic white rats given metformin (standard drug) dose of 50 mg/kg BW (K+), normal white rat control (P0), diabetic white rats given R. tuberosa leaves extract dose of 200 mg/kg BW (P1), and 400 mg/kg BW (P2). After 14 days, blood samples were analyzed for SGOT and SGPT levels, and liver tissues were examined histologically. Results: The analysis showed that the administration of R. tuberosa leaves extract doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg BW in diabetic rats for 14 days had an improvement effect on SGOT, SGPT levels and histopathological images of liver organs. Conclusion: R. tuberosa leaves extract, especially at the 400 mg/kg BW dose, can effectively lower SGOT and SGPT levels, also improving liver histopathology in diabetic rats. These findings suggest its potential as a complementary therapeutic option for liver complications in diabetic cases. Keywords: Alloxan, Diabetes, Liver histopathology, SGOT, SGPT, Ruellia tuberosa L.
Prevalence and Risk of Hepatitis Infection in Infants Associated with Maternal Health History: A Cross-Sectional Study in Indonesia
ackground: Hepatitis is a significant public health concern in Indonesia, with the government prioritizing the prevention of mother-to-child transmission of hepatitis B. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of antenatal care (ANC), pregnancy and parturition conditions, hepatitis B immunizations, and healthcare accessibility on the incidence of hepatitis among infants. Methods: A cross-sectional analysis was conducted using data from the 2018 Basic Health Survey (Riskesdas) in Indonesia, examining 10,293 infants aged 6–12 months. Multivariate logistic regression was performed on a final sample of 7,434 cases with complete data. The sampling method used in this research is multistage cluster sampling, which is a common approach for large, nationally representative surveys such as Riskesdas. Results: Hepatitis was identified in 0.5% of infants. Significant associations were found between hepatitis incidence and maternal pregnancy disorders (aPOR = 1.92, 95% CI = 1.03–3.6) and abnormal parturition methods (aPOR = 2.19, 95% CI = 1.14–4.18). However, ANC history and hepatitis B immunization did not show significant associations. Conclusion: Comprehensive and timely ANC to address pregnancy disorders and ensure normal parturition can significantly reduce hepatitis risk in infants. Public health interventions should focus on maternal health education and healthcare access, particularly in rural areas. Keywords: Antenatal Care, Hepatitis Infection, Infant, Parturition, Pregnancy
Does Dapagliflozin ameliorate kidney function in Saudi type II diabetic patients with chronic kidney diseases?
Background: In recent years, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has become increasingly prevalent and is associated with numerous cardiovascular and renal complications. Various drug classes are utilized for treating and preventing complications in patients with T2DM. Dapagliflozin, a selective sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitor, has recently been approved for treating chronic kidney disease (CKD), whether DM is present. This study evaluates dapagliflozin effectiveness in managing T2DM patients with CKD. Methods: Adult diabetic patients with CKD who received 10 mg dapagliflozin once daily for 12 months were compared with another group on a glucose-lowering regimen without dapagliflozin. Data of HbA1C and kidney function tests, including eGFR, serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), sodium, potassium, calcium, and albumin levels were retrieved before starting dapagliflozin treatment and then every three months for a total of 12 months. Results: 159 diabetic patients with varying CKD stages received a glucose-lowering regimen. Group I (n=84) included 51 males and 33 females who were administered dapagliflozin, while group II (n =75) comprised 35 males and 40 females who received different glucose-lowering regimens without dapagliflozin. Furthermore, during the 12-month study period, a higher proportion of patients in the dapagliflozin group were identified as having retinopathy, cataracts, and glaucoma (29.8%, 11.9%, and 4.8%, respectively). Conclusion: The present findings indicate that dapagliflozin did not demonstrate a significant renal protective effect during the first 12 months in this cohort. Further research is warranted to assess the long-term impact of dapagliflozin. Keywords: Dapagliflozin, Diabetes Mellitus, Chronic Kidney Disease, Renal Failure