Advancements in Life Sciences provides platform for the fast peer-reviewed publication of articles covering novel and innovative aspects of biological sciences. Including full length research articles and short communications, we accept material in other categories too view other submission materials. This Journal publishes articles falling in the scope of “life sciences” ranging from molecular biological or genetic discoveries to biochemical systems and new microbiological concepts in human, veterinary and plant sciences. Multidisciplinary research articles, providing novel insight and original information, that would not be publishable in single discipline devoted journals are welcomed particularly in this journal for publication. The following research areas are covered in the Journal: * Molecular Biology * Biochemistry * Agriculture * Plant-biotechnology * Genomics * Veterinary sciences * Microbiology * Health and Epidemiological studies
Impact of Non-Ionizing Electromagnetic Emission from Cell Phones on Semen Parameters and DNA Integrity in Men
Background: Various lifestyle and environmental variables are associated with male infertility, and one of those variables is radiation exposure. The most common source of non-ionizing radiation affecting male fertility is cell phones, which are certainly a necessary component of everyday life. Methods: Ninety-seven semen samples were classified into normozoospermia, asthenozoospermia, teratozoospermia, and oligozoospermia groups. Standard seminal analysis was conducted to measure semen parameters and DNA fragmentation rate according to WHO 2021 guidelines. Participants received antioxidant treatment including Vitamin E and Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) for two months, and semen parameters and DNA fragmentation index were evaluated before and after treatment. Results: The samples affected by electromagnetic waves emitted from cell phones exhibited a substantial reduction in semen parameters and DNA integrity. The normozoospermic group showed a significantly higher sperm agglutination (p = 0.048) and DNA fragmentation index (p < 0.001) in patients exposed to > 4 hours of non-ionizing electromagnetic waves. Sperm concentration was significantly lower in the oligozoospermia group with more exposure time (p = 0.031); on the contrary, the DNA fragmentation index was significantly higher in these patients (p = 0.050). In the asthenozoospermia and teratozoospermia groups, the only significant finding was higher DFI with higher exposure time (p = 0.043, p = 0.048). Conclusion: The quality of semen and DNA integrity are both negatively correlated with electromagnetic waves released by cell phones. It is concluded that men of reproductive age should refrain from carrying their phones in their front trouser pocket or hip pocket, since this might harm spermatozoa parameters and reduce the reproductive capability of males. Keywords: Cell phone, radiation, non-ionizing electromagnetic waves, DNA fragmentation
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Influence of Sperm Chromatin Immaturity on Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection Outcomes
Background: Assisted Reproductive Techniques (ART), particularly intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), bypass natural selection processes, allowing sperm with low deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) integrity to fertilize eggs, which may adversely affect ICSI outcomes. Routine semen analysis provides limited insight into male reproductive potential, necessitating advanced assessments of sperm chromatin maturity. Methods: Semen samples were collected from 92 patients after 1–21 days of sexual abstinence. Macroscopic and microscopic examinations were performed according to WHO standards (6th edition, 2021). A detailed questionnaire capturing history and physical examination was used. The relationship between sperm chromatin immaturity (SCI%) and ICSI outcomes, including fertilization rate and embryo quality, was evaluated. Result: A weak and non-significant negative correlation was observed between SCI% and fertilization rate (CC = -0.051; p = 0.63) and between SCI% and grade 1 embryos (CC = -0.093; p = 0.38). Weak, non-significant positive correlations were found between SCI% and abnormal division (CC = 0.05; p = 0.64). However, a weak positive association was identified between SCI% and grade 2 embryos (CC = 0.242; p = 0.02) and grade 3 embryos (CC = 0.212; p = 0.04). SCI% showed no significant correlation with seminal fluid parameters. Conclusion: This study concluded that sperm chromatin immaturity (SCI%) does not correlate with seminal fluid parameters but showed no significant correlation with fertilization rate or pregnancy rate and showed weak associations with some embryo grades. Keywords: DNA fragmentation, Sperm chromatin immaturity, Male infertility, Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), Embryo quality
Evaluation of Spermine and Spermidine levels in Gallstone patients
Background: Gallstones or cholelithiasis are a major public health issue, which often remain asymptomatic, although they can sometimes cause discomfort by obstructing the digestive tract. Spermidine (SPD) and Spermine (SPE) are two polyamines (PAs) that regulate the growth of hepatocytes in the liver. The PAs play two functions in preserving cellular oxidative equilibrium by generating reactive oxygen species (ROS) and providing protection against free radical damage when serving as an enzyme substrate. Therefore, levels and metabolism of PA serve as significant markers of neoplastic alterations in the liver. Methods: Gallstone patients from multiple internal medicine hospitals were surveyed, and samples were taken and evaluated from them. Similarly, samples from healthy individuals were also taken. Under regular laboratory circumstances, the patient samples were characterized using biochemical tests, and their data was documented. Result: The levels of polyamines (PAs) and the common oxidative stress (OS) biomarker malondialdehyde (MDA) were determined. The main liver function tests and lipid profile levels showed no significant differences between the two studied groups. Whereas malondialdehyde (MDA), SPE, and SPD levels were significantly higher in patients than in the control group. Conclusion: The results of the study led to an association between polyamine levels and gallstone disease. An increase in PA levels was observed in cholelithiasis patients. It is concluded that PAs are associated with cholelithiasis and may be considered as potential predictors of this disease. Keywords: Cholelithiasis, Spermine, Spermidine, Malondialdehyde, Oxidative stress
A Study on the Role of Folic Acid and Vitamin D in Pregnant Women with Threatened Abortion
Background: Concentrations of progesterone, folic acid, malondialdehyde (MDA), vitamin D (VD), and ceruloplasmin (Cp) are very important indicators of abortion in pregnant women. Thus, the measurement of correlations between these indicators is very much required for the better understanding of the cause and the pattern of abortion in pregnant women. Methods: Four groups were analyzed for the serum content of folic acid, Vitamin D (VD), progesterone, MDA, and Cp: 25 patients with threatened abortion, 25 patients with inevitable abortion, 25 pregnant women with regular status of pregnancy, and 25 healthy non-pregnant women. Result: In the threatened abortion group, levels of folic acid were considerably lower than in the other groups. Levels of VD also declined in the threatened abortion group, but its level is highest in non-pregnant healthy women. Levels of progesterone were higher in the healthy pregnant women, followed by the threatened abortion group, and lowest in the abortion group. Levels of MDA and Cp were elevated considerably in the threatened abortion group. Conclusion: Deficiencies in folic acid and VD are strongly linked with complications during pregnancy. Adequate monitoring and supplementation are critical in the prevention of threatened abortion and the enhancement of pregnancy outcomes. Keywords: Vitamin D, Pregnancy, Progesterone, Folic Acid, Threatened Abortion
The relationship between the single-nucleotide polymorphisms rs1978124 and rs2074192 of the ACE2 gene in individuals with type 2 diabetes infected with COVID-19
Background: Understanding of the complexity and importance of ACE2 gene from the perspective of two genotypes (rs1978124 and rs2074192) and their role in pancreatic deterioration is gaining prominence these days. The ACE2 role is considered important in characterizing different factors when diabetic patients interact with viruses like SARS-CoV-2. Methods: Blood samples were collected from 120 participants and divided into three groups for a cross-sectional and observational study. The first group was admitted to the COVID-19 isolation wards, and 40 of them were infected with the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Most of them had diabetes, while the other groups included 40 patients with diabetes only, and 40 control samples. The test was performed using ARMS-PCR technology. Result: The results showed differences in ACE2 genotype and allele frequencies among the study groups, with a statistically significant association observed only for the T allele of rs2074192 in COVID-19 patients with diabetes compared with healthy controls. When investigating rs2074192 genotype in COVID-19 patients with diabetes compared with diabetes-only patients, C/T (OR = 1.458) and TT (OR = 1.167) showed OR values above 1, but these findings were not statistically significant. Conclusion: After the virus binds to the ACE2 receptor of pancreatic cells, it results in the destruction of beta cells and an increase in the rate of pancreatic fibrosis due to a decrease in blood flow in the blood vessels, and a decrease in insulin secretion, which leads to diabetes. Keywords: Coronavirus-19, SNP, ACE2, Pancreas, SARS-CoV-2, Diabetes
The effect of deltamethrin insecticide on oxidative stress and liver function in albino male rats and the protective role of citrus peel extraction
Background: The study investigates the protective effects of citrus peel extracts (mandarin and lemon) against deltamethrin-induced liver and testicular toxicity in male rats. Methods: Forty-two male rats were divided into 7 groups: Group I (control), Group II (deltamethrin 6 mg/kg), Group III (deltamethrin + mandarin extract), Group IV (deltamethrin + mandarin oil), Group V (deltamethrin + lemon extract), Group VI (deltamethrin + lemon oil) and Group VII (deltamethrin + mandarin + lemon extract). The liver functions and oxidative stress were evaluated by testing biochemical markers (AST, ALT, ALP, SOD and MDA). Evaluation of tissue injury included histopathology of liver and testis. Result: In Group II, Deltamethrin treatment alone increased AST (198.36 U/L), ALT (123.02 U/L), ALP (97.35 U/L), and MDA (83.92 nmol/mL) and decreased SOD (4.72 U/mg) indicating oxidative stress and subsequent tissue damage due to Deltamethrin. In Groups III-VII, the use of citrus peel extracts improved all measured biochemical markers compared to Deltamethrin alone. Group III decreased AST levels to 180.55 U/L, ALT to 114.75 U/L, ALP to 95.49 U/L, and MDA to 75.97 nmol/mL, with SOD levels increasing to 5.95 U/mg. Other treatment groups also showed similar biochemical improvements. The greatest improvement was observed in Group VII (mandarin + lemon extract), showing a decreased AST (162.50 U/L), ALT (85.04 U/L), ALP (90.36 U/L), and MDA (54.98 nmol/mL) as well as an increase in SOD recovery (7.39 U/mg). Conclusion: The extracts of citrus peel reduced liver and testicular toxicity from deltamethrin exposure. The mixture of mandarin and lemon extract produced the most protective ability, due to restoring antioxidant imbalance and reducing biochemical and histological damage. These findings indicate that citrus peel extracts could be a potential natural agent against oxidative stress elicited by pesticide exposure. Keywords: Deltamethrin toxicity, Oxidative stress, Citrus peel extracts, Liver and testicular protection, Biochemical markers
UMAP-Based Transcriptional Profiling and Differential Expression Analysis of Breast Cancer Datasets GSE65194 and GSE42568
Background: Breast cancer remains a major global health alarm. By analyzing transcriptomic datasets GSE65194 & GSE42568, we identified quite a lot of consistently dysregulated genes that may impact cancer progression & serve as potential therapeutic targets. Methods: With the GEO2R for a differential gene expression study, we identified many weighty genes (p < 0.05, absolute log2 fold change > 1), as well as both favorably upregulated & downregulated applicants. Fundamental visualizations contained within volcano plots, MA plots, UMAP for dimensionality reduction, & box plots. With the help of Venn diagram to validate overlapping differentially expressed genes transversely datasets, confirming sturdy shared expression patterns. Results: Breast cancer gene expression datasets GSE65194 & GSE42568, which both equivalence cancerous breast tissue to normal controls, identified 5554 & 2957 differentially expressed genes, correspondingly. Definitely, in GSE65194, genes were upregulated (4968), & were downregulated (586), whereas in GSE42568, genes were upregulated (1512) & were downregulated (1445). In particular, among the genes in GSE65194, COL11A1 showed the greatest expression change, with a log2 fold change of 7.69. UMAP study of both datasets evidently separated cancerous & normal samples, prominence different gene expression profiles. Conclusion: More than a few genes are dependably upregulated across breast cancer datasets, portentous shared disease-related pathways & latent value as biomarkers or therapeutic targets, though clinical authentication is still needed. Keywords: Gene Expression Omnibus, Breast Cancer, Differential Expression Analysis, Transcriptomics, UMAP, Biomarkers
Cinnamic acid ameliorates diet-induced hyperlipidemia in Wistar rats through antioxidant and gene expression modulatory effects
Background: Diet-induced hyperlipidemia is strongly associated with metabolic disorders and cardiovascular diseases. This study explored the ameliorating effects of cinnamic acid (CA) on high-fat diet (HFD)-induced hyperlipidemia in Wistar rats. Methods: Male Wistar rats were arranged into four groups based on their feeding pattern: control, HFD, control + CA, or HFD + CA. CA was orally administered every day (50 mg/kg body weight). The feeding was continued for 8 weeks, after which the rats were sacrificed, and oxidative stress-associated parameters such as MDA, NO, AOPP, GSH, SOD, and catalase, lipid profiles, and liver enzyme levels were investigated in the serum. Using hepatic tissues, the mRNA levels of several proteins related to the metabolism, uptake, transportation, and storage of lipid was also explored. Results: Administration of CA significantly (p<0.05) mitigated HFD-induced oxidative stress and increased hepatic enzyme activity. It also prevented the HFD-induced increased mRNA levels of SREBP-2, PPARγ, HMGCR, and Apo-B100. HFD-mediated suppression of LDLR, ABCA1, and Apo-A1 mRNA was significantly (p<0.05) increased by feeding CA. All these positive effects resulted in the reduction of liver weight, adipose tissue weight, and overall body weight, and pro-atherogenic lipid levels, except TG, along with an increase in HDL cholesterol levels. Conclusion: CA positively influences HFD-induced hyperlipidemia and adiposity in Wistar rats through its antioxidant, hepatoprotective, and gene expression modulatory effects. Keywords: Cinnamic acid, Hyperlipidemia, Adipogenesis, Sterol regulatory element-binding protein, Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor
A Case Report of X-Linked Hyper-IgM Syndrome Associated with the CD40LG Variant: Successful Management with Immunoglobulin G Replacement Therapy
Background: X-linked hyper-IgM syndrome (X-HIGM) is a rare primary immunodeficiency disorder characterized by recurrent infections, hypogammaglobulinemia, and elevated IgM levels. The condition results from mutations in the CD40LG gene, which encodes CD40 ligand, a protein essential for B cell activation and immunoglobulin class switching. This study presents a clinical case of X-HIGM in a young child and highlights the effectiveness of immunoglobulin G replacement therapy in managing the disease. Methods: Whole-exome sequencing and Sanger sequencing were performed to identify the genetic cause of the patient’s recurrent infections. A hemizygous c.409+1_409+19del mutation was identified in the CD40LG gene, confirming the diagnosis of X-HIGM. Immunoglobulin G replacement therapy was administered to manage the patient’s condition. Result: Peripheral immunoglobulins confirmed the clinical observations, with low IgG and A but strikingly high IgM levels. Recurrent otitis media and pneumonia were common in early childhood. The genetic testing performed afterward confirmed that the mutation was present in the two affected siblings. This favorable clinical response with a decrease in the frequency of infections and the stability of the IgG levels over the time suggests that IgRT may have a long-term effective role in the management of a rare primary immunodeficiency. It also stresses the need for genetic workup for diagnosis, family counselling, and management of rare immunodeficiency syndromes. Conclusion: This case highlights the need for early diagnosis and treatment of X-HIGM. IgG replacement therapy is an effective option when stem cell transplantation is not possible or suitable. Keywords: Hyper-IgM syndrome, Primary immunodeficiency, Young children, Immunoglobulin G replacement therapy, CD40LG
Isoeugenol Inhibits Sphingosine Kinase 1 (SphK1) and Induces Cytotoxicity in Breast Cancer Cells
Background: Sphingosine kinase 1 (SphK1) is considered as a critical factor as it controls sphingolipid metabolism and promotes cell survival. Targeting SphK1 with small natural compounds presents a promising therapeutic approach for breast cancer, as these compounds may have the ability to inhibit SphK1 activity, reduce tumor growth, and enhances cytotoxicity, potentially paving the way for new treatment approaches in cancer. Methods: This study employed in-silico and in-vitro methods to identify the potent inhibitor of SphK1. Molecular docking was used to determine the binding affinity and molecular interactions of protein-ligand complex. Other in-silico methods namely SwissTargetPrediction and PASS analysis were used to determine the pharmacological potential of the lead compound. The MTT assay was conducted to evaluate the cytotoxic effects of isoeugenol, as well as its impact on the expression, protein levels, and activity of SphK1 in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Results: Isoeugenol was found as a potent small molecule with highest binding affinity among resveratrol and its structural analogues with SphK1. Results of the molecular docking showed binding affinity of -9.3 kcal/mol of isoeugenol with SphK1, Analysis of the docked isoeugenol-SphK1 complex revealed stable interactions ligand and target protein. Further, results of SwissTargetPrediction analysis showed that isoeugenol has broad pharmacological associations with targeting different proteins and enzymes, which are considered as key factors in various biochemical and molecular pathways, including associated with anticancer processes. MTT assay revealed a significant, dose- and time-dependent decrease in cell viability (both p<0.001). Viability declined progressively at 24, 36, and 48 h, with the effect persisting without further significant change at 60 and 72 h. Further, the IC50 dose of isoeugenol was found to be 102 µM, this concentration was used for further experiments. MCF-7 cells exposed to IC50 dose of isoeugenol showed significantly decreased SphK1 mRNA expression, SphK1 protein levels, and SphK1 kinase activity compared to untreated cells. Conclusion: The findings of the current study reflect the therapeutic potential of isoeugenol and suggest that inhibition of SphK1 by this small molecule may pave the way for cancer therapeutics, including breast cancer. Keywords: Breast cancer, Inhibitor, Isoeugenol, Molecular docking, Sphingosine kinase 1 (SphK1)
Three-Dimensional Composite of Fish Collagen Peptides and Bacterial Cellulose Promotes HT-22 in vitro neurite outgrowth
Background: Bacterial cellulose (BC) is a highly biocompatible biopolymer valued for its unique nanofibrillar structure, excellent mechanical strength, high water retention, and intrinsic non-toxicity, making it particularly suitable for biomedical applications. Methods: A three-dimensional (3D) composite scaffold composed of BC and fish collagen peptides (FCP) was fabricated via a one-step in situ biosynthesis method by incorporating optimized concentrations of FCP (0.1% and 0.5%) into the BC culture medium during bacterial fermentation. The structural integrity and surface morphology of the scaffolds were examined using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM). The biological functionality of the scaffolds was further evaluated by culturing HT-22 neuronal cells (mouse hippocampal origin) on both pristine BC and BC-FCP scaffolds. Cell adhesion, morphology, and neurite outgrowth were evaluated using fluorescence microscopy after 2 days of incubation. Results: The BC-FCP composite scaffolds demonstrated superior microstructural integrity and biological performance compared to pristine BC. Field-emission scanning electron microscopy revealed a denser and more uniform nanofibrous architecture in BC-FCP scaffolds, confirming the successful incorporation and uniform distribution of collagen peptides within the cellulose matrix. HT-22 neuronal cells cultured on these scaffolds showed markedly enhanced adhesion, spreading, and neurite outgrowth, particularly at the higher FCP concentrations (0.5%) demonstrating the neuro-supportive capability of the composite system. Conclusion: The BC-FCP composite scaffolds significantly enhance neuronal adhesion and growth, making them promising candidates for neural tissue engineering and regenerative applications. Keywords: Bacterial cellulose, Fish collagen peptides, 3D scaffolds, Biocompatibility, Neuronal outgrowth
Genetic Relationships Among Local Oscillatoria Isolates from Freshwater Sources Using Inter-Simple Sequence Repeat (ISSR) Technique
Background: Molecular characteristics are good markers for distinguishing between closely related species. Molecular taxonomy has been significantly improved by DNA-based strategies with increasing accuracy and efficiency in identifying species through the use of PCR-based methods. We used inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers in this research to compare and examine the genetic profiles of several Oscillatoria species from native freshwater environments. Methods: Algal samples were taken from natural freshwater environments in the autumn season (September–November 2022). To reduce contamination, DNA was obtained from unialgal cultures of Oscillatoria spp. Then, ISSR analysis was done to assess genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationships between the isolated strains. Results: Seven species were identified: Oscillatoria acuta (OS1), O. princeps Vaucher (OS2), O. annae (OS3), O. margaritifera (OS4), O. proteus Skuja (OS5), Oscillatoria sp. (OS6), and O. sancta (OS7). O. annae and Oscillatoria sp. were most similar and were found to have the greatest genetic similarity (index = 0.6598), indicating that a close evolutionary relationship exists. The two with the lowest similarity were O. acuta and O. proteus Skuja (index = 0.4330), indicating greater genetic divergence. Conclusion: Our results support the use of ISSR markers in determining genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationships among Oscillatoria spp. This method is promising for improving the molecular taxonomy of cyanobacteria. Keywords: Genetic Diversity, Oscillatoria, Phylogenetic analysis, Cyanobacterial taxonomy, ISSR markers
Antihyperglycemic Potency of Tulsi (Ocimum tenuiflorum) Ethanolic Extracts in Diabetic Mice Induced by Multiple Low Dose Streptozotocin
Background: Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is one of the most challenging health problems today. Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disease characterized by high blood glucose concentrations due to impaired insulin production, function, or both. The standard antidiabetic treatment is unable to control blood sugar and stop the oxidative stress process in diabetics. This research aims to investigate the antihyperglycemic potency of Tulsi, the sacred plants of Ayurveda, in diabetic mice induced by multiple low dose streptozotocin. Methods: We used eighteen male, healthy, white Swiss mice, aged 2-3 months, with 20-30 grams body weight to be included in this procedure, then, induced by low dose streptozotocin 40 mg/kg intraperitoneally for 5 days to make them become diabetic mice (fasting blood glucose level more than 150 mg/dL). Eighteen diabetic mice divided into three groups as follows: control group didn’t receive any treatment, two treatment groups that received Tulsi extract macerated with 70% ethanol at doses: 56 mg/kg and 112 mg/kg orally for 14 days. Paired t-test were used to analyze the difference of blood glucose level before and after treatment and One-way Anova was used to analyze the difference of blood glucose level between groups. Results: Multiple low dose streptozotocin were successfully increased blood glucose level of all mice without any death during the procedure. Administration of tulsi extract at doses of 56 mg/kg and 112 mg/kg succeeded in significantly reducing blood glucose levels in diabetic mice (P value <0.05). Among the 3 groups, the lowest blood glucose level after treatment was in the group of mice that received Tulsi ethanolic extract at a dose of 112 mg/kg. The difference in blood glucose level values after this treatment was significant according to the One Way Anova test (P value <0.05). Conclusion: This study demonstrates that the ethanolic extract of Tulsi (Ocimum tenuiflorum), when administered at doses of 56 mg/kg and 112 mg/kg, significantly lowers blood glucose levels in mice with STZ-induced diabetes. This antihyperglycemic activity is likely due to the antioxidant properties of the various active compounds in Tulsi. These findings support the development of Tulsi as a natural alternative pharmacotherapy in managing diabetes mellitus. Keywords: Antihyperglycemic, Tulsi, Ocimum tenuiflorum, Diabetic, Streptozotocin
Molecular Prevalence and Liver Enzymes Profile in Occult Hepatitis B Infection among Blood Donors
Background: Occult hepatitis B infection (OHBI), defined as positive seroreactivity for HBV DNA and negative seroreactivity for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), poses a challenge due to its hidden and asymptomatic nature. This study aimed to investigate the molecular rate of OHBI in blood donors and to assess the accompanying liver function profile. Methods: Blood specimens from 200 HBsAg-negative blood donors were tested by a rapid chromatographic assay (Micro-point combo kit, USA) for HBV serological markers (HBsAg, HBsAb, HBeAg, HBeAb, and HBcAb) and detection of HBV DNA by nested PCR. Results: Of the 200 HBsAg-negative donors, 160 (80%) were seronegative for any hepatitis B serologic marker. Conversely, 5 (2.5%) HBsAb+, 4 (2%) HBcAb+, 11 (5.5%) HBsAb+HBcAb+, 20 (10%) HBcAb+HBeAb+ were positive. Of significance, 4 (2%) donors had evidence of HBV DNA, corresponding to a 2% OHBI prevalence in this population. Moreover, OHBI-positive donors presented higher levels of liver enzymes indicative of potential liver injury. OHBI was detected in 2% of blood donors, showing the risk of HBV transmissibility by blood transfusion from those who are seemingly negative for HBsAg. In addition, the high liver enzymes in OHBI-positive donors may signify a link with the outcome of chronic HBV infection. Conclusions: Our data suggest the need to develop a sensitive screening strategy to identify OHBI among blood donors in order to reduce HBV transmission. It also highlights the importance of monitoring liver function tests in OHBI-positive individuals to prevent possible liver-related complications sequelae. Keywords: Blood donors, Blood transfusion, Liver function, Occult hepatitis B infection
Autophagy mutant cells accumulate proteins involved in cell proliferation, dehydration and rehydration in Physcomitrium patens
Background: Autophagy is responsible for the degradation of cytoplasmic components in lysosomes and vacuoles. Generally, autophagy contributes to cellular survival against stress, since autophagy-deficient (atg) mutants are predominantly more sensitive to environmental stress, including nutrient starvation, than their WT counterparts are. Nevertheless, we found that compared with WT Physcomitrium patens (P. patens) plants, atg mutants can survive desiccation stress in the presence of ABA; however, the underlying molecular mechanism is not understood. Methods: To comprehend the molecular mechanism, two distinct analyses (proteomic analysis and microarray expression analysis) were performed on P. patens WT and atg mutant protonemal colonies. Results: An integrated analysis showed that signaling pathways involved in MYBs and MAPKs were activated and that protective proteins such as LEAs and antioxidant-related proteins were not differentially expressed between the WT and atg mutant. This suggests that the atg mutant is highly tolerant to desiccation stress through the activation of cell proliferation during dehydration and rehydration. Conclusion: This study has provided evidence that autophagy is involved in the relationship between desiccation tolerance and cell proliferation, but the direct effects remain elusive. Further work is needed to elucidate the dynamics of proteins involved in autophagy and the induction of desiccation tolerance. Keywords: Autophagy, Desiccation, Physcomitrium, EBP1, MYB, MAPK Editorial Note: This manuscript contains updated information in the authors' affiliation section.
Discovery and analysis of a novel mutation (G774E) in the Lysine Demethylase 6A (KDM6A) gene causing congenital heart disease with various neurodevelopmental disorders
Background: Congenital heart defects (CHD) are the most common birth defects, affecting approximately 0.8% of live births worldwide. CHD impairs the function and structure of the heart and blood vessels. Due to this damage, blood flow is impaired, which affects many major organs, including the brain, and causes various neurodevelopmental disorders. Methods: In this study, we recruited a five-generation pedigree for analysis. The proband was born with congenital heart disease and subsequently developed various neurodevelopmental disorders. To understand the causes of the disease, we performed clinical whole-exome sequencing and applied various bioinformatics tools to determine the pathogenicity of the mutation. Results: Molecular investigation revealed a novel lethal mutation (c.2321G>A) in KDM6A, causing the substitution of Glycine to Glutamic acid (Gly774Glu). The mutation was further confirmed using Sanger sequencing. Various bioinformatics tools were used to predict the lethality of the mutations. KDM6A disruption causes various diseases, among which Kabuki syndrome is the most prevalent. Conclusion: Our findings may aid in the further development of genome-based medicines, leading to a reduction in mortality rates and improved healthcare in newborns. Keywords: Congenital heart disease, Kabuki syndrome, Neurodevelopmental disorder, Whole exome sequencing, Novel mutation
Natural Terpenoids as Potential MMP-7 Inhibitors in Colon Cancer: A Computational Screening Study
Background: Colorectal cancer is the third most frequent cancer globally. Incidence rises with age and has been highest in developed countries, but it is rapidly increasing in many less developed countries and among younger generations in both developed and developing nations. MMP-7 is a key enzyme in the progression of colon cancer, making it a potential therapeutic target. Methods: This study used a computational screening method to determine the efficacy of natural terpenoids as MMP-7 inhibitors. The MMP-7 inhibitor TQI was used as a positive control. A total of 355 natural terpenoid compounds were gathered from literature and public databases. Each compound was obtained in SDF format, converted into 3D structures for molecular docking analyses. PyRx (0.8 version), utilizing the AutoDock Vina docking engine was employed for virtual screening through molecular docking. Results: Three potential candidates, retinol (vitamin A), carnosic acid, and gibberellic acid, were identified as showing strong binding affinities toward MMP-7 compared with the co-crystallized inhibitor TQI. ADMET analysis indicated compound-specific pharmacokinetic and safety profiles: retinol exhibited high predicted oral bioavailability but lower solubility, whereas carnosic acid and gibberellic acid showed more favorable non-toxicity and hERG safety percentiles. Conclusion: These findings highlight the promise of natural terpenoids as novel MMP-7 inhibitors in colon cancer treatment, necessitating further validation and experimental research to determine their efficacy and therapeutic potential. Keywords: Colon cancer, Natural compounds, Terpenoids, Computational analysis
Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) expression and clinico-pathological characteristics of cervical cancer in the region of Casablanca-Settat
Background: The development of angiogenesis or novel blood vessels is essential to the tumors growth. Inducing and controlling angiogenesis is primarily the function of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Methods: The expression of VEGF in tumor tissue from 327 cervical cancer cases treated at the Mohammed VI Center of Cancer Treatment Gynecological Obstetrics service of the Ibn Rochd Hospital (Casablanca) between 2013 and 2017 was investigated using an immunohistochemical technique. Results: The average age was 50.93 ± 12.52 years. Squamous cell carcinoma accounted for 87.5% of all histological types. More than 76.4% of patients had cervical cancer that was in the middle or advanced stages when they first arrived. The cytoplasmic signal of VEGF was low in 93.3% of patients with high-grade intraepithelial lesions, higher in 87.5% of cases with stage IB2, and slightly lower in 71.4% of instances. Conclusion: This study identified various issues and requirements of Moroccan women with cervical cancer. Our research will contribute to cervical cancer research in Morocco and aid in the development of novel methods. However, our findings indicate that VEGF is a critical biomarker that serves as a significant clinical predictor of the response of patients with cervix cancer to radiochemotherapy. Keywords: Angiogenesis, Cervix cancer, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor, Radiochemotherapy
Comprehensive Analysis of HIV Epidemiology, Transmission, and Immunological Characteristics in the Syrian Arab Republic (SAR)
Background: This study explores the dynamics of HIV in the Syrian Arab Republic, with a focus on long-term epidemiological trends and recent developments (2018–2020). It examines incidence, transmission pathways, testing outcomes, mortality rates, and immunological characteristics to provide insights into the evolving epidemic within the context of ongoing national challenges. Methods: A descriptive and analytical epidemiological design was employed using national surveillance records, testing center data, and clinical monitoring systems. Analyses covered historical data (1987–2014) and detailed demographic, clinical, and treatment outcomes from 2018–2020. Results: Reported HIV cases increased steadily until peaks in 2006 and 2009, followed by a sharp decline after 2010, coinciding with reduced testing during the crisis and suggesting underreporting. From 2018 to 2020, most cases occurred in adults ≥25 years, with minimal incidence among younger groups. Heterosexual contact was the primary transmission route; homosexual contact and injecting drug use were reported only among men, while blood transfusion and mother-to-child transmission occurred at similarly low rates in both sexes. Mortality declined markedly by 2020 but remained higher among males. Immunological assessment showed low CD4 counts and an inverted CD4/CD8 ratio. First-line ART regimens, particularly TDF+FTC+EFV, were most frequently prescribed, though treatment interruption and mortality were highest with AZT+3TC+NVP. Conclusion: Findings highlight the impact of conflict on HIV surveillance and care in Syria. Strong prevention strategies rely on dependable monitoring, and sustained ART access, particularly for high-risk groups, remains critical to reducing transmission and mortality. Keywords: HIV, Epidemiology, Transmission, Syrian Arab Republic (SAR), Incidence, Antiretroviral therapy
Molecular characterization of a phytoplasma associated with mango malformation and witches broom disease in Saudi Arabia
Background: Many diseases have been reported on mango trees; however, recently, another important pathogen, phytoplasma, has emerged as a severe threat to mango. Phytoplasma belongs to the class Mollicutes. Methods: Different symptoms, such as malformation and witches’ broom are associated with phytoplasma infection were found in mango orchards in Al-Baha region of Saudi Arabia in 2022. Mango phytoplasmas were tested with degenerate phytoplasma primer (P1/P7) and nested primers R16F2n/R16R2 using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). For further confirmation, a PCR reaction was performed using universal phytoplasma primers fU5 and rU3. Results: Nested PCR with two universal primer pairs, R16F2n/R16R2, successfully amplified 1.2 Kb and 880 bp with fU5 and rU3 nested primers. The results confirmed the presence of phytoplasma in all collected samples. The obtained nucleotide sequences of three positive samples shared 100% identity among themselves and shared 98.9% to 100% with the 16SrIX strains available in the NCBI database. These sequences were submitted in GenBank under the following accession numbers: OQ914356 (Mango-SA-1), OQ914357 (Mango-SA-2), and OQ914358 (Mango-SA-3). Conclusion: These results indicate that the Southwest regions of the kingdom have been affected by phytoplasma-induced disease. Also, the present study plays a significant role in detecting and managing this disease in other mango-growing areas of Saudi Arabia. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of phytoplasmas in mango from Saudi Arabia. Keywords: Mango, Phytoplasma, PCR, Nested PCR, Sequence
Sequence analysis of rbcL and matK regions for a comparison study of Senna species
Background: DNA barcoding is an efficient molecular biology technique that utilizes a short genetic locus with sufficient variability to enable precise organism identification. Typically, regions such as ribulose-bisphosphate carboxylase (rbcL) and maturase K (matK) in plants are widely used due to their balance between interspecific divergence and intraspecific conservation. These standardized genomic fragments are amplified by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and subsequently sequenced for comparative analysis. Every species has its own characteristic DNA barcode, which can be matched against curated reference libraries, enabling accurate identification even when morphological traits are ambiguous, damaged, or insufficient for taxonomic classification. This approach has been particularly transformative in biodiversity monitoring, ecological studies, and the detection of cryptic or invasive species. Presenting DNA barcodes in a graphical form provides an alternative and powerful way to store and display sequence information as it facilitates cross-comparison. The generated graphical outputs can be incorporated into machine learning algorithms for species recognition in further large-scale ecological and conservation research. Methods: The matK and rbcL genes of the collected five senna species were selected as DNA barcodes to confirm and distinguish these plant samples. An alternative method was also presented to extract the characteristics of the DNA sequences with graphical operation based on Chaos Game Representation (CGR). Results: It was found that the power to discriminate between species was high enough when a two-locus barcode approach was applied with 90% successful amplification using the provided protocol optimization. The similarity/dissimilarity comparison of the collected plant samples was also achieved by the obtained CGR. Conclusion: Grouping of individuals based on genetic relationship was consistent with morphology and taxonomy, particularly when the primers for matK were used, whereas the rbcL barcode was less effective in distinguishing species. Keywords: DNA barcode, matK, rbcL, Senna species, Chaos Game Representation
Unusually large sialolith of submandibular duct: A case report
Background: Sialolithiasis is a common ailment of major salivary glands. Sialoliths are usually less than 1 cm in diameter and frequently found in the submandibular gland and its duct (Wharton’s duct). A sialolith is considered giant if it is greater than 1.5cm in diameter and almost exclusively develop in the Wharton’s duct. Methods: Literature review was conducted using search engines such as PubMed and Google Web Browser looking for key terms such as “salivary stone”, “sialolith” and “Submandibular duct”. A 17-year-old female with recurrent swelling and xerostomia underwent a diagnostic workup using occlusal radiography to localize a sialolith in the terminal portion of the submandibular duct. The management involved an intraoral surgical excision under local anesthesia to remove the 17 × 10 mm calcification, followed by ductal irrigation to successfully restore salivary function. Results: A total of 12 research articles were found relevant to our topic after analysis of the initial pool of research papers. We report a case of a large sialolith in the course of submandibular gland duct of a 17-year-old female who attended our clinic complaining of recurring swelling and pain in the left Wharton’s duct opening area. The patient also complained of dry mouth. Occlusal radiography confirmed a sialolith in the terminal part of the submandibular duct. Surgical removal of a brownish sialolith measuring 17 × 10 mm in size was undertaken under local anesthesia intraorally. Conclusion: The management of giant sialoliths can be achieved via a minimally invasive surgical procedure and subsequently normal salivary flow was established and pain during meals disappeared. Keywords: Sialolith, Submandibular duct, Salivary stone
Role of Inflammatory Markers in Pathogenesis of Animal Brucellosis and Their Potential to be used as Diagnostic Tool
Animal brucellosis is a contagious and zoonotic disease prevalent in many countries particularly in developing nations where unhygienic practices are more common. It is caused by an intracellular bacterium; hence the incubation period is prolonged. Most animals show clinical symptoms in last trimester which leads to economic losses. Trade restrictions are another problem for the endemic regions. In terms of public health, carrier animals are the source of the diseases either through consumption of animal products (milk, meat etc.) and also through direct contact with animals. The clinical diseases can be diagnosed through various methods including culture, serology, ELISAs, PCR, qPCR etc. However, the sub-clinical cases are difficult to diagnose and remains a threat to other animals and humans. So in this article the literature has been thoroughly reviewed regarding inflammatory markers that have potential to be used as diagnostic tools in carrier/sub-clinical cases. Among these TNF-α, Interleukins, IFN-γ have been reported to be most widely used markers. Keywords: Brucellosis, Animal, Markers, TNF-α, Interleukins
Gene Therapy Approaches for Treating HPV-Induced Damage in Human Tissues and Cells
Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a leading cause of cervical and other anogenital and oropharyngeal cancers, with high-risk HPV types such as HPV-16 and HPV-18 playing a major role in oncogenesis. The viral oncoproteins E6 and E7 interfere with tumor suppressor proteins p53 and retinoblastoma (pRb), leading to uncontrolled cell proliferation, genetic instability, and resistance to apoptosis. While HPV vaccines have significantly reduced infection rates, they do not eliminate pre-existing infections or treat HPV-associated malignancies. This has driven interest in gene therapy as a potential treatment option for HPV-induced cellular damage. Gene therapy approaches, particularly CRISPR-Cas9, have demonstrated efficacy in selectively targeting and disrupting HPV oncogenes, leading to tumor regression. Other gene-editing techniques, such as zinc-finger nucleases (ZFNs) and transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs), also show promise in HPV gene disruption. Efficient delivery systems, including viral and non-viral vectors such as nanoparticles, liposomes, and adeno-associated viruses (AAVs), are being optimized to enhance therapeutic outcomes. However, challenges remain, particularly concerning off-target effects, delivery efficiency, and potential immunogenic responses. This review explores the mechanisms of HPV-induced carcinogenesis, the role of gene therapy in targeting viral oncogenes, and advancements in gene-editing technologies. Future directions include integrating gene therapy with immunotherapy, developing personalized treatment strategies, and improving delivery mechanisms to enhance specificity and safety. While gene therapy holds significant promise for eradicating HPV-driven malignancies, further research is needed to refine these approaches for clinical application. Keywords: Oncology, Cancer biology, Molecular biology, Biochemistry, Biotechnology, Genomics
Mapping non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) in cancer research: Bibliometric trends, emerging themes, and implications for diagnostics and therapy
Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) have emerged as significant regulators in cancer biology, modulating gene expression via transcriptional, post-transcriptional, and epigenetic pathways. Their functions in apoptosis, autophagy, inflammation, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) are essential to tumorigenesis, advancement, and metastasis. This study presents a bibliometric overview of global research trends, collaborative networks, and hotspots in cancer-related ncRNA research (2005–2024). Bibliometric mapping was integrated with a targeted literature review, employing prevalent author-keywords as anchors to identify theme clusters. These clusters underscore research hotspots, while the integrated literature synthesis contextualizes the most actively studied biological themes, correlating publication patterns with established knowledge. The Scopus database was employed for data collecting, providing extensive coverage of peer-reviewed literature. Bibliometric tools, such as VOSviewer and Biblioshiny, were utilized to examine keyword co-occurrences, define conceptual clusters, and show international cooperation. China published the most ncRNA-related cancer papers and had highest total number of citations, whereas the United States ranked second in both publishing output and total citations but had a higher citation rate per article. Overall, these findings show the distribution of research production and citation patterns among leading contributing countries, with variances in average citation rates due in part to disparities in publishing volume. A focused literature review, directed by the analyses of the retrieved author keywords, revealed that the main research domains center on the regulatory roles of ncRNAs in apoptosis, autophagy, metastasis, inflammation, and clinical applications. Emerging themes, such as their involvement in angiogenesis and immune evasion, underscore the dynamic and evolving nature of this field. Keywords: Lncrnas, Cancer Biology, Bibliometric Analysis, Apoptosis, Autophagy, Good Health and Well-Being