Advancements in Life Sciences provides platform for the fast peer-reviewed publication of articles covering novel and innovative aspects of biological sciences. Including full length research articles and short communications, we accept material in other categories too view other submission materials. This Journal publishes articles falling in the scope of “life sciences” ranging from molecular biological or genetic discoveries to biochemical systems and new microbiological concepts in human, veterinary and plant sciences. Multidisciplinary research articles, providing novel insight and original information, that would not be publishable in single discipline devoted journals are welcomed particularly in this journal for publication. The following research areas are covered in the Journal: * Molecular Biology * Biochemistry * Agriculture * Plant-biotechnology * Genomics * Veterinary sciences * Microbiology * Health and Epidemiological studies
A review on anthelmintic resistant markers in Ascaris lumbricoides
Ascaris llumbricoides is a soil transmitted helminths (STH) found in many developing countries affecting about 820 million people worldwide. Anthelmintic drugs recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) are used to treat the STH infections due to their low cost and high efficacy against these parasites. Despite the treatment efforts, Ascaris lumbricoides remains an endemic issue sparking concerns about the parasite’s resistance to the anthelmintic drugs. This study aims to review the reports on the presence of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) of β-tubulin gene of codon 167, codon 198 and codon 200 that is associated with anthelmintic resistance in Ascaris lumbricoides. Only studies published between 2009 to 2020 were included to maintain the relevance of the findings from these publications to fit the criteria set. The reported prevalence of Ascaris lumbricoides pre-treatment and post-treatment was collected and compared. The method or protocol done for DNA extraction and gene amplification was considered to the possible difference in results. The presence of SNPs detected in codon 167, codon 198 and codon 200 of β-tubulin gene of Ascaris lumbricoides is recorded in any reported polymorphism or heterozygous resistant gene. Molecular method that was used in studies that showed positive results were also recorded to compare the most suitable method in detecting SNPs of codons that are related to resistance in Ascaris lumbricoides. Seven publications from previous years ranging from 2009 to 2020 were reviewed, discussing the anthelmintic resistance markers found in Ascaris lumbricoides show evidence of the presence of SNPs in codon 167 and codon 200 of the β-tubulin gene. It can be concluded that the presence of these polymorphisms linked to anthelmintic resistance influences the efficacy of anthelmintics towards Ascaris lumbricoides. Keywords: Anthelmintic resistance; Ascaris lumbricoides; β-tubulin gene
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Pseudomonas aeruginosa: A Current update on biofilm formation, immune response and antibiotic resistance
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a Gram-negative bacillus found ubiquitously in nature and is known to cause life-threatening infections. A prime example of an opportunistic pathogen, P. aeruginosa is responsible for infections in environmental, industrial, and hospital settings. It has been classified as one of the “superbugs” involved in nosocomial infections and is a member of the ESKAPE pathogen group. Its virulent nature makes it a potent causative organism in both device-associated infections (such as catheter-associated bloodstream and urinary tract infections) and non-device-related infections (such as cystic fibrosis, otitis media, keratitis, and ventilator-associated pneumonia). Despite the use of various antimicrobial agents against P. aeruginosa, complications from hospital-acquired infections persist. Multiple studies have demonstrated, P. aeruginosa readily forms biofilms during prolonged infections, making treatment more challenging. This can be attributed to the fact that antibiotics are less effective against microbial biofilms. P. aeruginosa possesses several virulence factors, including lipopolysaccharides, extracellular polysaccharides (EPS), and toxin secretion systems such as the type III secretion system (T3SS), which evade host immunity and compete with other bacteria. The synergistic effect of these factors, along with biofilm formation, protects the pathogen from host immune defenses and reduces the efficacy of antimicrobial agents. This review provides a conceptual framework for understanding the association between microbial biofilms and host immune responses. Additionally, it emphasizes the critical need to address P. aeruginosa biofilms to improve patient outcomes and reduce hospital-acquired infections. Keywords: Biofilm; Immune response; Host interaction; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Device-related biofilm
The Immune-Boosting Effects of Probiotics: A comprehensive systematic review
Probiotics are live microorganisms that, when given in sufficient quantities, benefit the host's health, especially by supporting the equilibrium of the gut microbiota. These good bacteria are essential for boosting immunity, reducing inflammation, and strengthening the integrity of the gut barrier. Recent studies reveal the gut microbiome’s role in systemic inflammation. Probiotics, beneficial microorganisms, enhance immune health by strengthening gut barriers, modulating cytokine activity, and supporting immune responses. This review assesses probiotic efficacy in inflammatory diseases, highlighting mechanisms, strain-specific effects, and research gaps. This study highlighted the benefits of probiotics across various diseases. In respiratory infections, probiotics like Bifidobacterium lactis enhanced immune responses and shortened recovery times. For gastrointestinal issues, Bacillus strains alleviated symptoms in dyspepsia and ulcerative colitis, with improved remission and immune profiles. Dermatological benefits included reduced inflammation and improved skin in atopic dermatitis. Metabolic disorders saw improved glycemic control and reduced oxidative stress, particularly in diabetes and NASH. Probiotics also positively influenced mental health in cardiovascular disease and inflammatory markers in kidney disease. Neurologically, probiotics reduced migraine symptoms, while in infectious diseases, Lactobacillus fermentum enhanced healing in lactational abscesses. Cancer treatments benefitted from reduced inflammation and oral mucositis severity. Probiotics show promise in managing various diseases by enhancing immune function, reducing inflammation, and supporting microbiome balance, offering complementary therapeutic benefits for respiratory, gastrointestinal, metabolic, dermatological, and neurological conditions. Keywords: Probiotics; Immune response; Gut-lung axis; Gastrointestinal health; Anti-inflammatory effects
Probiotics and Human Health: Exploring the Interconnection with Host Microbiota
The article examines the impact of probiotics on human health, with a particular emphasis on their interaction with the host's microbiota. Methods. The review begins with an extensive search of literature in databases such as PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar to gather studies on the effects of probiotics on the composition of the microbiome, immune response, and metabolic functions. The authors emphasize that the human microbiota, which consists of various microorganisms, plays a crucial role in maintaining homeostasis, supporting the immune system, and regulating metabolic health. Studies show that probiotics, particularly Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium strains, contribute to gut health by promoting beneficial bacteria, regulating the immune response, and inhibiting pathogen growth. According to research, probiotics can be an effective adjunct treatment for conditions associated with microbiota imbalance. They may offer benefits for neurological, metabolic, and immune health. Keywords: Human Health; Probiotics; Microbiota; Gut Health; Immune System; Metabolic Health
Contribution of Environmental Toxicants and Lifestyle in Development of Cardiovascular Diseases
Environmental pollutants and lifestyle factors are significantly contribute to the development of cardiovascular diseases (CVD), which are the major cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide. Exposure of heavy metals such as lead, chromium and Arsenic particulate matter (PM 2.5 and PM 10), and persistent organic pollutants like dichloro diphenyl trichloroethane and dichlorodiphenyl dichloroethylene are critical factors affecting cardiovascular health and cause CVD. Evidence suggests that these pollutants and various lifestyle choices such as smoking, and physical inactivity, activates multiple pathways including oxidative stress, systemic inflammation, and endothelial dysfunction thereby increasing risk of CVD. This review aims to critically analyze the complex relationship between environmental contaminants and sedentary lifestyle and their involvement in CVD risk. Keywords: Lifestyle Factors; Pesticides; Environmental Toxins; Cardiovascular Diseases
Exploring Multi-Omics Approaches to Familial Hypercholesterolemia in the Middle East
Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH), an autosomal-dominant hereditary disorder of lipid metabolism, results in significantly elevated plasma levels of low-density cholesterol (LDL-C), significantly increasing the risk of premature cardiovascular disease (CVD). Given the high prevalence of consanguinity in Middle Eastern populations, FH is more common in the region and necessitates tailored diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. This review explores the role of multi-omics approaches—including genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, lipidomics, and epigenomics—in understanding FH pathophysiology and developing precision medicine strategies tailored to Middle Eastern populations. Recent genomic studies have identified LDLR, APOB, and PCSK9 mutations contributing to a high burden of FH. Metabolomic and lipidomic analyses reveal distinct biochemical alterations, including oxidative stress markers and lipid metabolism disruptions, while transcriptomic and epigenetic findings suggest variations in gene expression and statin responsiveness. Despite these advancements, multi-omics research in the Middle East is limited by high costs, restricted access to genetic testing, and the absence of national FH registries. Multi-omics approaches provide critical insights into FH pathophysiology and treatment. To optimize FH management in the Middle East, efforts should focus on expanding genetic screening programs, integrating multi-omics data into clinical practice, and addressing financial and ethical concerns. Strengthening regional collaborations and leveraging artificial intelligence-based analytics will further enhance precision medicine for FH. Keywords: Familial hypercholesterolemia; Multi-omics; Middle East; Genetic testing
Antiparasitic Evaluation and In Silico Investigation of New Acyl Hydrazones from 3-Iodo-5-methoxy-4-propargyloxybenzaldehyde
Background: Potent and affordable antiparasitic drugs are required to meet current health problems caused by protozoal infectious diseases. 3-Iodo-5-methoxy-4-propargyloxyphenyl compounds are promising antiparasitic compounds. Methods: Ten new and structurally simple acyl hydrazones were prepared from 3-iodo-5-methoxy-4-propargyloxybenzaldehyde and analyzed. Their activities against Toxoplasma gondii and Leishmania major parasites were evaluated and compared with their toxic effects on host cells. ADMET calculations as well as docking of the most promising derivatives in tubulin were performed. Results: Promising antiparasitic effects and selectivities were discovered for certain acyl hydrazones. A new 3-fluorobenzoyl hydrazone was found highly active against T. gondii parasites yet weakly toxic to macrophages. Docking calculations suggest tubulin as a possible target. Moderate activities were observed for various compounds against L. major promastigotes. The relatively low toxicities observed for several compounds in macrophages indicate promising selectivity profiles. ADMET (absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion and toxicity) calculations supported the drug-like properties of the most active compounds. Conclusion: A new 3-fuorobenzoyl hydrazone from 3-iodo-5-methoxy-4-propargyloxybenzaldehyde with promising activity against Toxoplasma gondii was identified. The strong selectivity for Toxoplasma parasites can pave the way for the development of improved antitoxoplasmal drug candidates in the future. Certain toxic effects on kidney cells might require further structural modifications of the drug candidates. Keywords: Acyl hydrazones; Alkynes; Neglected tropical diseases; Leishmaniasis; Toxoplasmosis; Drug discovery
Integrative Transcriptomic Analysis of GSE65194 and GSE45827 Datasets Identifying Consistent Gene Expression Signatures and New putative Target in Breast Cancer
Background: Breast cancer represents a complex molecular disease with high heterogeneity &mortality rates globally. Despite advances in treatment strategies, understanding the underlying transcriptional alterations remains critical for developing effective therapies. This study conducted an integrative analysis of transcriptomic datasets GSE65194 and GSE45827 to identify consistent gene expression signatures and potential therapeutic targets in breast cancer. Methods: Differential gene expression analysis was performed using GEO2R. The datasets were analyzed for upregulated and downregulated genes using stringent criteria (adjusted p-value < 0.05, |log2 fold change| > 1). Statistical validation included volcano plots, MA plots, UMAP visualization, and Pearson correlation analysis. Gene overlaps were assessed through Venn diagram analysis. Results: Analysis revealed 5,554 differentially expressed genes in GSE65194 (4,968 upregulated, 586 downregulated) and 4,757 in GSE45827 (4,683 upregulated, 74 downregulated). The datasets showed remarkable correlation (r = 0.9992) and 82.8% overlap in upregulated genes. Key genes including COL11A1 (log2FC = 7.69), COL10A1 (log2FC = 7.33), and CXCL10 showed consistent upregulation across datasets. UMAP analysis demonstrated clear separation between cancer and normal samples, validating the distinct transcriptional profiles. Conclusion: The strong correlation between datasets and consistent gene expression patterns identify reliable molecular signatures in breast cancer. The identified genes, particularly those involved in extracellular matrix remodeling and immune response, represent potential therapeutic targets and diagnostic biomarkers. These findings provide a robust foundation for developing targeted therapeutic strategies, though further functional validation is essential for clinical translation. Keywords: Gene Expression Omnibus; Microarray; Affymetrix; Breast Cancer; Venn Diagram; Pearson Coefficient
Structure-Based Virtual Screening of Nigella sativa Compounds as Potential Anti-Lung Cancer Agents Targeting PI3Kα
Background: Lung cancer (LC) is one of the deadliest tumors. Hyperactivation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) has been linked to cancer etiology. Methods: This study computationally screens the Nigella sativa compounds and their interactions with PI3Kα to identify potential therapeutic agents for LC. Copanlisib was chosen as the positive control for virtual screening. The LOTUS database was used to produce a library of 132 compounds that represent bioactive components of N. sativa. Molecular properties and molecular descriptors of N. sativa compounds were obtained from the LOTUS database. Results: Compounds were ranked based on their binding energy to PI3Kα and interactions with key residues in the PI3Kα binding pocket. The screening identified five compounds as top hits: LTS0117717, LTS0169227, LTS0183019, LTS0241372, and LTS0249588, which had stronger binding energy than the control Copanlisib. LTS0117717, LTS0169227, LTS0183019, LTS0241372, and LTS0249588 had binding energies of -9.8, -9.6, -9.5, -9.1, and -9.0 kcal/mol, respectively, while the Copanlisib (control) had a binding energy of -8.6 kcal/mol. These compounds interacted with active site residues of PI3Kα. In addition, these compounds have good druglike properties. Conclusion: The compounds LTS0117717, LTS0169227, LTS0183019, LTS0241372, and LTS0249588 can be used as PI3Kα inhibitors to treat the LC. However, further experimental studies are warranted to validate these compounds as PI3Kα inhibitors. Keywords: Lung cancer; PI3Kα; Nigella sativa; Drug likeness
Small molecule 6''-O-Malonylglycitin inhibits ERK2 activity and promotes cytotoxicity in colon adenocarcinoma cells paving for the colon cancer treatment
Background: Extracellular signal-regulated kinase 2 (ERK2), an important component of the MAPK signalling pathway, plays an critical role in the proliferation & survival of colon adenocarcinoma cells. Inhibition of ERK2 can interrupt these oncogenic pathways, offering a capable therapeutic strategy. Natural product-derived small molecules offer substantial potential in this context due to their favourable bioavailability & typically low toxicity. Methods: This study examines the inhibitory effects of 6''-O-Malonylglycitin on ERK2 kinase activity & its cytotoxic effects on HCT-15 colon adenocarcinoma cells. The crystal structure of ERK2 (PDB ID: 2OJJ) was prepared for molecular docking studies, and 188 isoflavone natural compounds were screened using AutoDock Vina. Among these, 6''-O-Malonylglycitin exhibited the highest binding affinity (-9.3 kcal/mol) with ERK2, forming multiple hydrogen bonds & van der Waals interactions. Results: The compound was evaluated for cytotoxicity by using an MTT assay, showing a dose-dependent reduction in cell viability with an IC50 of 15.33 µM. Time-dependent studies presented demonstrated significant decreases in cell viability up to 48 hours. Quantitative PCR indicated a significant reduction in ERK2 mRNA expression following treatment with 6''-O-Malonylglycitin. Kinase inhibition assay confirmed a concentration-dependent decrease in ERK2 activity. Conclusion: The findings indicate that 6''-O-malonylglycitin effectively inhibits ERK2 kinase activity and exhibits potent cytotoxic effects against HCT-15 colon adenocarcinoma cells, suggesting its potential as a therapeutic agent for colon cancer. Key words: Colon adenocarcinoma; ERK2; HCT-15 cells; small molecule inhibitors; 6''-O-Malonylglycitin
Targeting Neurotoxicity and Inflammation in the Cerebral Cortex with Curcumin-Piperine Synergy
Background: Neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and demyelination are central features of multiple sclerosis and related neurodegenerative disorders. Cuprizone (CPZ) is widely used to reproduce these pathological changes, inducing profound biochemical and structural alterations in the brain. This study investigated the impact of CPZ-induced neurotoxicity on key antioxidant, inflammatory, cholinergic, and myelin-related markers, and evaluated the therapeutic efficacy of curcumin- and piperine-based nanoformulations designed to enhance neuroprotection and repair. Method: Male mice received CPZ to induce demyelination and associated oxidative and inflammatory stress. Animals were subsequently treated with a blank nanoformulation (BFZ), curcumin nanoformulation (CFZ), or a combined curcumin–piperine nanoformulation (PFZ). Biochemical analyses quantified antioxidant enzymes (catalase, superoxide dismutase), inflammatory mediators (COX-2, NF-κB-p65), cholinergic activity (acetylcholinesterase), neuroplasticity markers (CREB, NGF), and myelin basic protein (MBP) levels in the cerebral cortex. Results: CPZ exposure led to marked oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and neurodegeneration, reflected by decreased antioxidant enzyme levels, elevated COX-2 and NF-κB-p65, impaired cholinergic function, reduced MBP, and suppressed CREB. NGF expression increased significantly in the CPZ group as a compensatory response to neuronal injury. Nanoformulation treatments mitigated these pathological changes, with PFZ demonstrating the strongest therapeutic effect. PFZ restored antioxidant defences, reduced inflammatory markers, enhanced AChE activity, promoted remyelination, and improved CREB expression. PFZ also normalized NGF levels. Across all parameters, PFZ outperformed CFZ and BFZ, highlighting the role of piperine in enhancing curcumin bioavailability. Conclusion: PFZ exerted potent neuroprotective and reparative effects against CPZ-induced neurotoxicity. These findings emphasize the value of optimized nanoformulations in strengthening phytochemical-based therapies for neurodegenerative diseases. Keywords: Curcumin; Piperine; Nanoformulations; Neurodegeneration; Neuroinflammation; Oxidative stress
Curcumin targets Enterococcus faecalis virulence by inhibiting the enterococcal surface protein, offering a potential treatment for endodontic diseases
Background: The present study explores the inhibitory effect of curcumin on the Enterococcal Surface Protein (ESP) of Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis), a key pathogen in endodontic and post-endodontic diseases. Methods: The 3D structure of ESP was modeled using SWISS-MODEL, and structural cavities were identified via CB-Dock2. Molecular docking was performed with DockingServer. ADMET properties were predicted using pkCSM, while curcumin’s biological activity and potential macromolecular targets were assessed using PASS Online and SwissTargetPrediction, respectively. Cytotoxicity of curcumin on HEK293 cells was evaluated by MTT assay. Results: Curcumin demonstrated good binding affinity (-11.06 kcal/mol) with ESP, supported by HBPlot analysis and SeamDock validation (-10.5 kcal/mol). Curcumin's deep binding within ESP's cavity suggests its potential to disrupt E. faecalis colonization and biofilm formation, offering a novel therapeutic strategy. ADMET predictions revealed favourable pharmacokinetic properties, including high intestinal absorption (82.19%) and no hepatotoxicity, positioning curcumin as a safe and effective candidate. PASS analysis highlighted curcumin's diverse biological activities, such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and enzyme inhibitory effects, aligning with its therapeutic potential. SwissTargetPrediction further identified potential protein targets, including transcription factors and kinases, broadening its applicability. Concentration- and time-dependent assays confirmed curcumin's non-toxic nature toward normal HEK293 cells, highlighting its safety profile. Conclusion: In conclusion, these findings collectively demonstrate curcumin's potential as a therapeutic agent for endodontic diseases, leveraging its ability to target E. faecalis virulence while addressing inflammation and oxidative stress. Keywords: Biofilm formation; Curcumin; Enterococcus faecalis; Endodontic diseases; Molecular docking; Post-endodontic diseases
Directing Cancer-Related Angiogenesis: Progressive E-Pharmacophore Modelling of Novel Selective VEGFR-1 Inhibitors
B ackground:Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1 (VEGFR-1) is a tyrosine kinase receptor that plays a key role in angiogenesis signalling. Development of selective VEGFR-1 inhibitors represents a promising anti-angiogenic therapeutic strategy for cancer treatment. However, design of selective VEGFR-1 inhibitors remains challenging. Methodology: The crystal structure of VEGFR-1 kinase domain bound to an inhibitor (PDB: 3HNG) was pre-processed using Protein Preparation Wizard tools in Schrodinger. Missing loops were modelled and hydrogen atoms added at pH 7.0. Minimization gently refined the structure. A receptor-based pharmacophore model was developed using Phase to elucidate geometry and physicochemical requirements for inhibition based on the complex structure. Results: Database screening was conducted by flexibly fitting 896 lead-like compounds from PubChem onto the pharmacophore and scoring for optimal alignment. Top-scoring hits were docked into the VEGFR-1 binding site using Glide SP precision protocol, allowing ligand flexibility. Affinity was predicted via physics-based scoring functions. Pharmacophore screening retrieved hits that complemented critical hydrophobic and hydrogen bonding elements for VEGFR-1 inhibition. Docking yielded strong predicted binding energies on par with or better than the cocrystal inhibitor with screened compound CID: 9820557 taking the lead. Specific ligand-protein interactions provided a rationale for predicted potency. Conclusion: An integrated computational approach combining pharmacophore modelling, virtual screening, and molecular docking enabled identification of promising VEGFR-1 targeted inhibitors. Further clinical research can propose these leads to develop as more selective agents against this important anti-angiogenic target. Keywords: VEGFR-1; Angiogenesis; Benzamide; Pharmacophore modelling; Molecular docking; Virtual screening
Relationship between Serum Vitamin D Deficiency and Hormonal Imbalance in Obese Female Patients with Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome
Background: Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine condition. It is characterized by hyperandrogenism and irregular ovulation. Obesity is often linked to PCOS. This study aimed to compare serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) levels between Saudi women with and without PCOS, considering factors such as BMI, Vitamin D binding protein (DBP) level, lipid profile, and hormones levels. Additionally, we explored the potential relationship between vitamin D deficiency and these parameters. Methods: This study involved 120 female Saudi participants (aged 18-45 years) divided into two groups: control and obese patients with PCOS. Serum concentrations of both 25OHD and DBP were determined by the sandwich ELISA method. Serum lipid profiles and hormones were measured, BMI was estimated, and insulin resistance was evaluated by measuring serum insulin concentrations alongside the Homeostasis Model Assessment. Results: In PCOS obese patients, there were significant increases " p<0.001" in BMI, TC, TG, LDL-C, testosterone, prolactin, and Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S) levels, and significant decreases " p<0.001" in 25OHD, DBP, HDL-C, and Sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) in comparison to controls. Significant positive associations were found between vitamin D and DBP, HDL-C, and SHBG, and negative correlations with BMI, TC, TG, LDL-C, testosterone, prolactin, and DHEA-S in all patients group. No significant correlations between vitamin D and each of Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), Luteinizing hormone (LH), Estradiol (E2), progesterone. Conclusions: Our study shows a significant correlation between vitamin D, DBP, and hormonal dysfunction in PCOS. Fluctuations in hormone levels are linked to reduced vitamin D levels in obese PCOS patients. Keywords: Vitamin D; Polycystic Ovary Syndrome; Obesity; Vitamin D-Binding Protein; Hormonal Dysfunction
Comparative Evaluation of Salivary LL-37 and TNF-α in Children with and without Dental Caries: A Case-Control Study
Background: A major social, behavioral, and oral health issue is the prevalence of caries in children's teeth and gums at an early age. Caries arises from a bacterial infection due to several factors, including an unhealthy diet. Natural AMPs serve as a frontline defense against a broad variety of infections, while cytokines are biomarkers for a wide variety of disorders and also serve as essential agents in both immunological and inflammatory reactions. Many researchers have studied and reported the effects of LL-37 and TNF-α in Early Childhood Caries (ECC) among children. Methods: Eighty kids between the ages of 4 and 5 took part in the research. 40 children were with caries and considered as the patient group, whereas the other children (40) were without caries of similar age and sex as the control subjects. Clinical caries experience is measured through a dental examination and the dmfs index. From all participants, samples were collected. Salivary LL-37 and TNF-α levels were analyzed by the ELISA. Result: The present investigation demonstrated a substantial rise (P ˂ 0.01) in the values of LL-37 and TNF-α in caries children compared to children without caries. Conclusion: The children with ECC were found to have an elevation in LL-37 and TNF-α. This indicated that decay associated with the elevating LL-37 and TNF-α levels. Keywords: LL-37; TNF-α; Caries, Dental; Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs); Early Childhood Caries
In silico Drug Design of Natural Apolipoprotein E4 Inhibitors for Alzheimer's Disease Management
Background: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia among the elderly and one of the most difficult public health issues. The APoE4 allele is the main risk factor for late-onset sporadic AD. Methods: This study chose phytochemicals from Ginkgo biloba because of their well-documented neuroprotective properties. A total of 258 G. biloba compounds were obtained from the LOTUS database and screened against the Apolipoprotein E4 (ApoE4) protein using the in silico method. Physicochemical and ADMET properties prediction assessment was conducted using the ADMETLab 3.0 web tool. Result: The hit compounds quercetin, saccharic acid, acacetin, and L-tyrosine were discovered to strongly bind to ApoE4 protein and interact with key ApoE4 protein residues. In addition, these compounds had several amino acid interactions in common with the control compounds. Furthermore, these four compounds have distinct ADMET profiles, and the expected properties, such as solubility, permeability, and toxicity, fall within acceptable limits, making them potential drug candidates. Conclusion: The compounds (quercetin, saccharic acid, acacetin, and L-tyrosine) can be used as ApoE4 inhibitors to manage AD. Keywords: Alzheimer's disease; dementia; apolipoprotein E4; Ginkgo biloba; drug-likeness
Ferroportin Gene Polymorphism, Ferritin, and TIBC Levels Associated with the Severity of COVID-19 among patients: A Sequencing Analysis
Background: SARS-CoV-2 may also be termed a high-load virus due to its rapid spread in the bloodstream. In vitro studies verify that iron chelators can inhibit the virus, indicating iron's key component in viral replication. What's more, increased apoptosis (ferroptosis) due to intracellular accretion of iron has been discovered in biopsy specimens of COVID-19 patients. Unlike harsh pneumonitis, COVID-19 does not demonstrate a hepcidin-initiated accretion of iron at foci of infection, suggesting a different iron metabolism profile. Methods: This work explored COVID-19 risk and severity according to Ferroportin gene polymorphisms, SNPs rs3811621 and rs10202029. Infected and recovered individuals' samples were utilized for genotypic analysis to observe possible genetic associations. Result: There were no notable associations of SNP rs3811621 and SNP rs10202029 both with susceptibility to COVID-19, and harshness of the disease. Frequencies of genotype between patient and recovery groups did not differ. Ferritin values, however, were significantly different between mild, severe, and recovery cases. Total iron-binding capacity (TIBC) was significantly lower in recovery subjects than in moderate or severe disease subjects, a predictable and significant finding. Conclusion: Ferroportin polymorphisms (rs3811621 and rs10202029) do not appear to influence COVID-19 susceptibility and severity. In spite of that, variations in ferritin and TIBC across different patient populations demonstrate their significance as biomarkers in defining iron metabolism during and after infection. Keywords: COVID-19; Ferroportin; ferritin; polymorphism; Sequencing; TIBC
Evaluation of Inhibin-B Hormone Levels and Their Relationship with Interleukin-2 and Selected Antioxidant Enzymes in Infertile Males in Kirkuk, Iraq
Background: Infertility affects approximately 15% to 20% of couples around the world, male infertility contributing to 20–50% of cases, and azoospermia, which affects 1% of men. Non-obstructive azoospermia and oligospermia are key causes of male infertility. This study evaluated serum Inhibin-B, IL-2, and antioxidant enzyme levels in these patients. Methods: Serum levels of Inhibin-B, IL-2, Superoxide Dismutase (SOD), and Glutathione Peroxidase (GPX1) were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and mean levels were compared between the non-obstructive azoospermic, oligospermic, and control groups. Result: The findings indicated a notable reduction in Inhibin-B levels (p < 0.05). GPx1 and SOD levels also exhibited a significant decrease (p < 0.05). IL-2 levels were significantly elevated (p < 0.01) in non-obstructive azoospermic patients, whereas no significant difference in IL-2 was observed in oligospermic patients compared to controls. Conclusion: The study highlights that azoospermic and oligospermic males exhibit reduced levels of Inhibin-B and antioxidant enzymes (SOD, GPX1), with IL-2 elevation restricted to azoospermic patients. These findings point to impaired spermatogenesis linked to Sertoli cell dysfunction, oxidative stress, and inflammation, suggesting their potential as supportive biomarkers; however, their measurement alone is insufficient to accurately assess reproductive function, particularly concerning semen quality as a biomarker of male infertility. Keywords: Kirkuk male infertility; Spermatogenesis; GPX1(Glutathione peroxidase); INHB (Inhibin B); Interlukine-2 (IL-2); SOD (Superoxide dismutase)
Role of interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) in Iraqi thalassemic patients infected with Toxoplasmosis
Background: Toxoplasmosis is caused by the intracellular protozoan parasite known as Toxoplasma gondii. This parasite infects all types of endothermic animals, including mammals and birds, and is widespread throughout the world. A widespread form of hereditary anemia and the most common cause of hematologic disorders is Thalassemia. Interferon (IFN) is necessary for cellular immune activation against viral, bacterial, and parasitic infections. This study aims to evaluate the role of interferon-γ (IFN-γ) in modulating immunity in thalassemia patients infected with T. gondii. Methods: Blood samples were collected from the period of March-June, 2022, from 165 thalassemia diagnosed individuals and 80 healthy volunteers at Al-Karama Teaching Hospital, Baghdad, Iraq. The ages of all patients were from 2 to 45 years. Thalassemia was diagnosed by blood tests conducted as per doctor’s prescription. Result: The thalassemic individuals infected with toxoplasmosis showed the highest IgG antibody titers, while the control group with toxoplasmosis ranked second. The thalassemic individuals, with or without toxoplasmosis, also showed significantly higher concentrations of IFN-γ compared to the T. gondii-positive control group and healthy subjects. Conclusion: It is concluded that the highest IFN-γ levels were found in the thalassemic group as compared with other study groups. Keywords: Toxoplasma gondii; Thalassemia; IgM; IgG; IFN-γ level
Production and purification of Nattokinase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa P49
Background: Nattokinase (NK) is a profibrinolytic serine protease enzyme produced by many bacterial strains, such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Therefore, this study aimed to produce NK from local isolate of P. aeruginosa P49 and optimize its conditions for the production of enzyme. Methods: 150 samples were obtained from clinical sources, during the period from August to November 2022, from different hospitals. All samples were subjected to different examinations, in addition to VITEK2 system, to confirm that these isolates were P. aeruginosa. Result: A total of one hundred P. aeruginosa isolates were screened to choose the best NK-producing isolates using skim milk agar, then broth media, whereas P. aeruginosa P49 gave the highest enzymatic activity (337.9 U/mg protein). Optimal conditions for the formation of NK were estimated, and the results showed that the maximum production of NK was gained using peptone-yeast medium containing sucrose, peptone, and CaSO4.2H2O at pH 7.5 and 37°C for 24 hours of incubation, whereas the activity of NK increased to reach a yield of 1603 U/mg protein. The NK was purified from P. aeruginosa P49 utilizing ion exchange chromatography (IEC) after precipitation by ammonium sulfate (0-75%). The results for enzyme purification gave 96% of NK enzyme with a purification fold of 3.6, and the specific activity was 2190.7 U/mg protein. Conclusion: This result suggests P. aeruginosa P49 is a good source of NK production. Keywords: Nattokinase; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Enzyme Purification; IEC; SF; VITEK2 system; Ion exchange Chromatography
Synergistic effect of Moringa oleifera leaf extract on glycemic control and lipid profile: a preclinical evaluation
Background: The global incidence of Type-2 diabetes is escalating, driven by lifestyle changes, urbanization, and dietary habits, particularly in developing countries. This has led to a growing demand for novel, natural therapeutic agents to effectively manage this chronic condition. Moringa freeze-dried extract powder (MFDP), a plant widely recognized for its nutritional profile and medicinal properties, has shown promise in treating metabolic disorders. Methods: The Moringa oleifera leaf extract was analyzed using advanced analytical technique, revealing substantial concentrations of bioactive compounds including flavonoids, polyphenols, and quercetin. In addition, its antidiabetic and anti-hyperlipidemia effect were evaluated through rat trials, enabling assessment of glucose regulation and lipid profile improvement. This study also assessed the impact of freeze-drying on the physicochemical composition of MFDP, considering regional and environmental variation to ensure local relevance of the findings. Results: In diabetic rats, the MFDP significantly (p ≤ 0.05) reduced blood glucose levels (random: 343 ± 0.02 mg/dL to 171 ± 0.03 mg/dL; fasting: 243.21 ± 0.03 mg/dL to 98.2 ± 0.02 mg/dL) and HbA1c levels (5.4 ± 0.15 %). It also improved lipid profiles by lowering total cholesterol (85.17 ± 5 mg/dL), triglycerides (94.11 ± 10.4 mg/dL), and LDL concentrations (27.82 ± 7.1 mg/dL) while increasing HDL levels (41.14 ± 2.5 mg/dL). Additionally, MFDP treatment enhanced liver glycogen (18.07 ± 3 mg/g to 43.68 ± 2.5 mg/g), indicating improved hepatic glucose utilization. Conclusion: The findings underscore the dual therapeutic potential of MFDP in managing metabolic disorders like diabetes and hypercholesterolemia. Given the increasing prevalence of these conditions, especially in regions like South Asia, further research is needed to explore the molecular mechanisms underlying these beneficial effects and to validate the use of Moringa oleifera as a natural therapeutic agent. Keywords: Moringa oleifera; Antioxidant; Anti-diabetic; Phytonutrients; Aqueous Extraction
Thyroid Hormone Synergizes with PPARγ and cAMP to Drive UCP1 Transcription and Brown-like Adipocyte Phenotype in 3T3-L1 Cells
Background: Brown adipose tissue expresses uncoupling protein 1(Ucp1), a mitochondrial protein essential for energy balance and non-shivering thermogenesis. This study aimed to show how cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (Pparγ), and triiodothyronine (T3) pathways together stimulate Ucp1 expression in white adipose tissue. Methods: Differentiated 3T3-L1 cells, both transiently transfected and stably transduced with a UCP1 vector, were used to assess the effects of T3, Pparγ, cAMP agonists, and their combinations on Ucp1 expression. Results: The results showed that treatment with T3, Pparγ agonists, and cAMP agonists significantly increased Ucp1 promoter activity in both undifferentiated and differentiated 3T3-L1 cells. In differentiated cells, combined treatment with rosiglitazone, T3, and forskolin led to a time-dependent increase in Ucp1 expression: 5-fold on Day 4, 7.5-fold on Day 8, and 10.5-fold on Day 12 (P < 0.001). Prdm16 mRNA increased 1.5-fold on Days 4 and 8 (P < 0.001), and 3-fold on Day 12 (P < 0.01) after T3 and rosiglitazone treatment, with forskolin added in the final 12 hours. Pgc1α expression peaked at a 2-fold increase on Day 12 (P < 0.05). Cidea expression was markedly upregulated, showing a maximum increase approximately 3 fold on Day 12 (P < 0.001). Elovl3 doubled on Days 4 and 8, and increased approximately 3-fold by Day 12 (P < 0.001). Conclusion: This study suggests that activating PPARγ, cAMP, and T3 pathways can induce browning of white adipose tissue, offering potential therapeutic strategies for obesity management. Keywords: Brown Adipose Tissue; cAMP; PPARγ; Thyroid Hormones; Ucp1; White Adipose Tissue; Transdifferentiation, Brown-Like Adipocyte
Pseudopheochromocytoma in the Conflict Zone of Northwest Syria: A Case Report and Literature Review
Background: Pseudopheochromocytoma is a rare clinical entity characterized by symptoms resembling those of pheochromocytoma, despite the absence of an adrenal medullary tumor. Its diagnosis remains difficult due to overlapping features with various other conditions and the absence of definitive diagnostic markers. Methods: We report the case of a 47-year-old male school teacher who developed pseudopheochromocytoma, likely precipitated by psychological stress associated with prolonged exposure to the war-torn environment of Northwest Syria. Results: The patient presented with repeated episodes of sudden-onset severe hypertension, along with palpitations, excessive sweating, headaches, chest discomfort, and facial flushing. A comprehensive workup ruled out endocrine and structural causes. The psychological burden linked to displacement and chronic instability was believed to be a significant contributing factor. Given the patient’s asthma, beta-blockers were avoided. Management with the calcium channel blocker (Diltiazem) and the antidepressant (Sertraline) resulted in substantial clinical improvement. Conclusion: Pseudopheochromocytoma can closely imitate true pheochromocytoma, making careful evaluation essential. In selected cases, calcium channel blockers combined with antidepressant therapy may offer effective symptom control. More studies are needed to establish standardized treatment strategies for this underrecognized condition. Keywords: Hypertension; Pheochromocytoma; Pseudopheochromocytoma; Syria; Conflict
Axenic leaf-derived callus induction of Gynura pseudochina (L.) DC. using combined 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and benzylaminopurine
Background: Gynura pseudochina is a promising herbal plant belonging to the Asteraceae family. It contains many secondary metabolite compounds, including saponins, flavonoids, essential oils, and alkaloids. In vitro culture offers an efficient method for mass and rapid propagation of G. pseudochina. Callus induction is alternatively used to generate in vitro shoot proliferation and production of bioactive compounds. Previous study has reported that combined 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 6-Benzyl Amino Purine (BAP) can effectively induce callus. However, the effect of this combination on G. pseudochina in vitro culture is still limited. Therefore, this study investigates the impact of auxin and cytokinin combination (2,4-D and BAP) on G. pseudochina callus formation in vitro. Methods: Axenic nodal segments from G. pseudochina were used as explants and placed in Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium enriched with different 2,4-D and BAP combination for 60 days of culture. Subsequently, callogenic responses, callus emergence time, callus fresh weight and morphology were observed. Results: We observed that 2,4-D was vital to induce callus formation. All axenic leaves were able to undergo callogenesis in all concentrations of 2,4-D. The combination of 1.5 mg/L 2,4-D and 1 mg/L BAP (A3B2) was the most effective treatment, producing 1.12 g fresh weight callus and showing rapid induction with callus emergence 12 days after culture. Meanwhile, calli obtained in this study were compact and friable with green, greenish-yellow and brown colors. Conclusion: Our research demonstrates the effectiveness of combining 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 6-Benzylaminopurine (BAP) in inducing callus formation in Gynura pseudochina through in vitro culture. This study underscores the critical role of 2,4-D in promoting callogenesis, with the optimal callus formation achieved using a combination of 1.5 mg/L 2,4-D and 1 mg/L BAP.