Study of the Teratogenic Effects of Antimony on Liver in the Adult Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus)

Full Length Research Article 

Study of the Teratogenic Effects of Antimony on Liver in the Adult Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus)

Ibtisam Khalaf Abd Ali1, Saba Dawod Salman2, Thekra Atta Ibrahim3, Mohammed Nsaif Abbas4*

Adv. life sci., vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 462-469, May 2024
*- Corresponding Author: Mohammed Nsaif Abbas (mohammed.nsaif.abbas@gmail.com)
Authors' Affiliations

 1. Nursing College, University of Baghdad – Iraq
2. College of Basic Education, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad – Iraq
3. Department of Biology, College of Education for Pure Science, University of Diyala – Iraq
4. Materials Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad – Iraq 
 
[Date Received: 14/10/2023; Date Revised: 17/03/2024; Date Available Online: 18/04/2024]

Editorial Note: You are viewing the latest version of this manuscript having minor corrections in its title.

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Introduction
Methods
Results
Discussion
References 

Abstract

Background: Heavy elements such as antimony greatly affect the environment and living organisms. Antimony is discharged into the environment by mining and industries that use it as pesticides and flame retardants. This activity can lead to environmental pollution, water and soil contamination. Antimony can also accumulate in living organisms and cause negative health effects, such as damage to the respiratory system and skin, and growth abnormalities of animals and plants.

Methods: The primary objective of this investigation was to explore the teratogenic impact of the antimony heavy metal on histological structure of the liver in adult rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus). The study included 21 adult white rabbits divided into several groups: the first one is the control group injected with physiological saline (0.09% NaCl), the other group injected with 20 mg/kg antimony, and the last injected with 30 mg/kg antimony over a 30-day period. Following this, postmortem procedures were conducted to extract and fix the liver organ, and tissue sections were prepared.

Result: The results revealed significant histological changes, including distortion and rupture in Glisson’s Capsule, leading to the formation of a sub-capsular space due to its separation from hepatocytes. Additionally, alterations in the radial organization of hepatocytes and pyknosis in the nuclei were observed, characterized by a dark color and reduced size. Karyolysis, where nuclei completely disappeared, and hydropic degeneration in hepatocytes with swollen appearance and dark nuclei due to fluid accumulation were noted. Moreover, an increase in Kupffer cells and blood congestion in the central vein, resulting in dilation compared to the control group, were observed.

Conclusion: Overall, the treatment with antimony at 20 and 30 mg/g doses for 30 days show profound teratogenic effects on the histological structure of the liver in adult rabbits. These effects are represented by the destruction of various parts of liver, in addition to changes in arrangement, and distortion and rupture of the cells. Furthermore, an increase in Kupffer cells and blood congestion were also recorded.

Keywords: Antimony; Liver; Rabbits; Kupffer cells; Glisson’s capsule; Environmental effects   

Introduction6th button-01

The remediation of environmental pollution plays a pivotal role in safeguarding the well-being and ecological equilibrium of our surroundings, as it precipitates detrimental consequences on ecosystems, wildlife, and human health [1]. Among the diverse categories of environmental contamination, heavy metals occupy a unique and significant role due to their widespread utilization in various industrial and agricultural practices [2]. There is a multitude of environmental pollution remediation techniques available, exhibiting differences in effectiveness, cost, and the requirement for specialized equipment or preparatory procedures [3]. One of the notable and auspicious approaches for addressing a range of environmental contaminants involves heavy metals such as lead, chromium, zinc, iron etc. [4], methyl green stain [5], organic materials [6], inorganic substances of high toxicity like cyanide [7], hardness elements i.e., calcium and  manganese [8], resources of eutrophication which are phosphate and nitrate ions [9], humic acid as a type of organic acids [10], and pesticide components [2], from water [11], soil [12], and crude oil [13], is adsorption [14]. Activated carbon stands out as an exceptionally effective material for addressing environmental pollution due to its possession of distinctive attributes that are not present in alternative adsorbents [15]. Notwithstanding, recently, regulatory bodies and researchers have directed greater focus across agricultural and some kinds of industrial residues in exchange for the famous material, i.e., activated carbon [16]. The first choice of these waste was rice husks [17], due to their huge amount remnant. Also, there are watermelon rinds [18], and cellulosic wastes such as banana peels [19], and pomegranate (Punica granatum) peels [20]. Other promising residues, which also gave a good performance were citrus peels like orange [21], and lemon [22]. In addition, domestic wastes such as tea leaves [23], and eggshell [24] were interesting choices for researchers and those concerned in environmental affairs. Furthermore, alga [25], water hyacinth [26], buckthorn leaves [27], and aluminum foil [28] were also used for treatment of contaminated mediums. This can be attributed to their ready accessibility, cost-effectiveness, and minimal toxicity [29]. Furthermore, they do not necessitate intricate manufacturing procedures, in contrast to activated carbon [30]. These waste materials fall within the category of municipal waste and are frequently disposed of at no expense or repurposed using the Zero Residue Level (ZRL) approach [31]. Based on laboratory-scale experimentation, this concept has demonstrated remarkable success in the realm of waste management by effectively transforming hazardous residues into valuable materials, such as additives [32], pesticide [33], ketones [34], or nano-particles [35]. The predicament arises from the limited real-world application of this concept beyond the laboratory setting. Consequently, what were initially non-valuable and environmentally benign adsorption materials in their pristine state undergo a transformation into an environmental concern at their ultimate stage. This transformation occurs as residues and pesticides have the potential to re-enter the environment in novel and potentially more hazardous configurations, rather than serving as a solution to environmental challenges [36]. In spite of the various treatment approaches, established guidelines, and recommended practices, the persistence of heavy metals and their compounds in the environment, owing to their non-biodegradable nature, continues to result in the contamination of natural elements, thereby exerting adverse impacts on both human health and wildlife [18]. Antimony, a heavy metal of particular concern, is extensively utilized in various applications, including alloys, bullets, printing presses, cable sheathing, flame-retardant materials, paints, enamels, as well as in the production of glass and pottery [21]. Nevertheless, the recurring and uncontrolled utilization of this substance gives rise to apprehensions regarding its potential environmental and health repercussions on various organisms, including the human population [22]. Hence, addressing the issue of heavy metal contamination, encompassing antimony specifically, necessitates extensive endeavors and ongoing research aimed at comprehending their mechanisms of impact on both target and non-target organisms within the human body [23]. This pursuit aims to discern effective strategies for mitigating their adverse effects while concurrently attaining equilibrium in alignment with their intended applications [36]. One of the foremost endeavors and investigations in this regard involves histological examinations of organs of living organisms, particularly those susceptible to direct exposure to various pesticide products or their associated residues. Such scientific research is indispensable and pivotal for comprehending the environmental impact of antimony, as well as its effects on living organisms, akin to the scrutiny undertaken for other contaminants like pesticides [37, 38]. The majority of histological investigations concerning the impact of antimony have predominantly centered on murine models, specifically rats [39] and mice [40]. However, a notable void exists in our understanding of the histological ramifications of this heavy metal on rabbits, where the effect known is for testes [41]. The liver is recognized as a pivotal organ responsible for upholding biological equilibrium and essential functions within living organisms. Consequently, any adverse influence on the liver could exert a substantial impact on the well-being of living organisms and the broader ecosystem [42]. The liver is responsible for a multitude of vital functions, encompassing the metabolism of proteins, fats, and carbohydrates, alongside the synthesis of essential plasma proteins like prothrombin factor, fibrinogen factor, and blood coagulation factors. Furthermore, the liver plays a crucial role in blood purification, eliminating bacteria and toxins, while also mitigating the toxic effects of certain pharmaceutical compounds [43]. Numerous chemicals and pharmaceutical compounds are widely recognized for their potential hepatotoxicity, with regulatory directives and guidance issued by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) cautioning against the hepatotoxic risks associated with these compounds and substances [44]. Currently, pentavalent antimonites, such as sodium stibogluconate (known generically as SSG or Pentostam by GlaxoSmithKline) and meglumine antimonite (marketed as Glucantime™ by Sanofi), enjoy widespread global utilization for the treatment of both Cutaneous leishmaniasis and Visceral leishmaniasis [45]. Considering the aforementioned considerations, the principal aim of the present study is to examine the influence of antimony, a representative heavy metal, on the histological composition of the liver in white rabbits. The study also seeks to precisely elucidate the impact of this heavy metal on the cellular and tissue levels.

Methods6th button-01

Animals: In this investigation, a total of 21 albino rabbits were obtained from the animal house at the Department of Biology, College of Education for Pure Sciences at the University of Diyala, which also gave the ethical approval of this study. The average weight of animals used ranged between 1250 – 1500 g.

Chemicals: The antimony source used in the current study was antimony trisulfide salt supplied from Sigma-Aldrich company of a gray to black powder. Formalin solution of 10% concentration was prepared by adding 90 ml of distilled water to 10 ml of formaldehyde solution, while the formation of eosin stain was conducted via dissolving of one gram of eosin in 99 ml of ethyl alcohol of 70% concentration before adding 0.2 ml glacial acetic acid. Finally, the blended then filtered carefully. Harris’s hematoxylin stain was prepared by mixing two solutions, the first one was dissolving 2.5 g of hematoxylin powder in 25 ml of ethyl alcohol. The other solution was prepared by dissolving 50 g of alum in one-half liter of distilled water according to the method described by [44].

Experimental design: The rabbits were subject to random allocation into three distinct groups. The initial group, designated as the control group, consisted of 7 rabbits receiving injections of physiological saline (0.09% NaCl) exclusively. The second group, known as the test group, encompassed 14 rabbits, which were further evenly divided into two sub-groups, each containing 7 rabbits. Within the test group, the rabbits were administered daily doses of antimony at concentrations of 20 and 30 mg/kg of body weight via injection over a span of 30 days.

Methods for estimation of various histological changes: On the final day of the study, the rabbits were anesthetized using chloroform, and the livers were surgically removed. Subsequently, these liver samples were immersed in formalin solution for an overnight fixation period, followed by the preparation of tissue sections using the procedure described by Bancroft and Gamble [46]. The resultant glass sections were then stained using Harris’s Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) stain, adhering to the method established by Abd Al-Latif et al., [47]. Finally, the glass sections, treated with Canada balsam, were subjected to testing and imaging using a light microscope equipped with a digital camera.

Results6th button-01

The observation from the current study recorded significant histological changes in the liver of adult male rabbits exposed to 20 and 30 mg/kg doses of antimony for a period of 30 days.

Dose-dependent effect of antimony on Glisson’s capsule and hepatocytes:

the occurrence of distortion and rupture in the Glisson’s capsule, and its separation from the hepatocytes leading to the appearance of a sub-capsule space and changes in the organization hepatocytes architecture as shown in Figure 1. Whereas, Figure 2 indicates hypertrophy of some hepatocytes, the nucleus of which is Karyomegaly.

Dose-dependent effect of antimony on Karyolysis and Hydropic degeneration:

It was also seen that the nuclei of some hepatocytes thickened, where they appeared in a dark color and a small size in the middle of the cells. Karyolysis was also observed in some hepatocytes, where the nuclei completely disappeared, and the cell was seen in a uniform color as in Figure 3. Hydropic degeneration was shown in some liver cells, as it was appeared with a swollen appearance with dark-colored nuclei centrally located as a result of fluid accumulation inside them, and an increase in the number of Kupffer cells was also seen as in Figure 4.

Dose-dependent effect of antimony on central vein and sinusoids

Treatment with antimony led to the occurrence of blood congestion in the central vein and its dilation, as it increased in size compared to the control group, as well as the expansion of the sinusoids located between hepatocytes as in Figure 5.

The effect of increasing the dose of antimony on Glisson’s Capsule

 Liver of male rabbits of the group treated by a dose of 200 mg/kg of antimony for a period of 30 days, the pathological effects increased in the capsule of Glisson’s Capsule, where the natural convex disappeared and the appearance of a concave in it as in Figure 6.

The effect of increasing the dose of antimony on Hypertrophy some hepatocytes

Hypertrophy was also observed in some hepatocytes, where an increase in the size of the cells appeared, as well as karyomegaly hypertrophy of the nuclei of some hepatocytes as in Figure 7.

The effect of increasing the dose of antimony on thickening of the nuclei of hepatocytes and Karyolysis:

An increase in the thickening of the nuclei of hepatocytes was observed, as it was observed in darker color and smaller size. Karyolysis of some hepatocytes was also seen as in Figure 8.

The effect of increasing the dose of antimony on damaged the central vein:

Also, treatment with antimony damaged the central vein, as it changed its normal circular shape to an irregular elongated oval shape, and congestion was observed in it as in Figure 9.

Figures & Tables

 

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Discussion6th button-01

The results of this study showed damage to the Glisson’s capsule, as the sub capsular space appeared, and the normal convex shape of the capsule almost disappeared. This result is in agreement with the study of Tan et al., [48] who indicated that malignant tumors, cirrhosis, and infection lead to scattering of the capsular circumference and the loss of its normal convex shape. Lee et al., [49] show that the effect on the capsular and subcapsular space may be due to pathological conditions such as congestion and inflammation. The changes that occur in the dynamic movement of blood in the liver, such as the obstruction of the portal vein due to its congestion, are one of the reasons that are observed in cases not related to malignant liver tumors. The damage to the capsular shape and the appearance of the subcapsular space may be due to the negative effect of pyridine on this outcome. Hydropic degeneration was also seen in hepatocytes when treated with antimony, as this degeneration led to hypertrophy of hepatocytes. This is consistent with what was stated by Damjanov [50], who confirmed that hydropic degeneration ion occurs in active organs such as the liver because it is the main organ for metabolic pathways, and degeneration appears when a liver injury occurs, as it turns into necrosis if it is not treated. On the other hand, the results indicated the occurrence of ballooning degeneration in hepatocytes, as this degeneration is a form of cellular death. This is similar to what Lock et al., [51] found in their study on rat livers exposed to Hexachlorobutadiene (HCBD). Where they confirmed the occurrence of degeneration as a result of the entry of fluids in a large amount into the cell to increase potassium and sodium ions, and this increase can cause damage to the cell membrane. While Malhi et al., [52] indicated that hepatocellular damage and death have the ability to stimulate immune responses, the damage and stress in the hepatocyte results in the stimulation of special cells associated with autoimmunity such as natural killer cells (NK) and Kupffer cells. Changes have been reported on the nuclei of some hepatocytes in the liver of adult rabbits, and this result is consistent with what was stated Jarrar and Taib [53]. They showed through their study of the chronic toxic effect of lead on the mouse liver, that it causes an increase in cellular and nuclear activity in the process of detoxification, and a change in the nuclei of hepatocytes occurs. Whereas Wang et al., [54] confirmed this case also in other organs such as the brain, skeletal muscles and the heart. The polyploid cells become pyramidal in shape and have low proliferative capacity, and the more polyploidy is observed, it is evidence of significant tissue damage. Moreover, this study recorded the presence of pyknosis in some nuclei of hepatocytes. This result is consistent with the results of Kumar et al., [42] where they mentioned that the thickening of the nuclei usually occurs when the cell, after a cellular injury as a result of a toxic substance, undergoes necrosis, which is represented by swollen degeneration, after which the cell condenses chromatin and then thickens it. In addition, Karyolysis of some hepatocytes was observed in this result, as the cell appeared in a uniform color due to the complete disappearance of the nucleus. These outputs agree with what was mentioned by Pandey et al., [55] about condensing substances in dead cells, as they confirmed that chromatin degeneration of dead and necrotic cells and destructive fragmentation caused nucleolysis as a result of chemical toxicity. The cause may be the degeneration and enlargement of hepatocytes, the thickening and decomposition of the nuclei treated with antimony, and its clear tissue damage to the hepatocytes that affected the normal shape of the liver. The appearance of widening in the sinuses was observed, and this is consistent with what was stated by Brancatelli et al., [56] who explained that the lack of venous blood flow and the blockage of the central vein led to an increase or congestion in venous pressure, which leads to the occurrence of widening of the sinuses. Congestion in the central veins was also seen, as it was clearly observed that blood accumulated in these vessels, and this is consistent with what they indicated Brancatelli et al., [56], as they showed that the lack of blood flow leads to congestion in the blood vessels and liver board. In a related context, Hassan and Sahi [57] explained in their study on the histopathological changes in the liver and kidneys of mice when exposed to zinc sulfate toxicity, the occurrence of congestion in the veins as a result of decreased metabolism due to hypothyroidism or due to lack of blood flow. Perhaps the congestion that occurred in the central veins in the current result as a result of inflammation resulting from antimony toxicity.

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.

Author Contributions

I.K. Abd Ali and T.A. Ibrahim designed the research, while T.A. Ibrahim and S.D. Salman conducted the experiments and carried out laboratory procedures. M.N. Abbas contributed to chemicals preparation and performed the technical writing of the manuscript.

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