Volume 7, issue 2

Methods: Known interacting regions of both DnaE and various truncated versions of t were chosen for co-expression in E. coli. Differences in the growth pattern of cells co-expressing various truncated versions of DnaX and DnaE, on liquid and solid media were subsequently analyzed. Based on in vivo analyses to explore the interactions between these components, an expanded model for the processivity switch is presented here.

Results: The analyses suggest that residues 481-643 of t are sufficient to establish a functional interaction with the DnaB helicase and DnaE during replication, while residues 461-480 of t interact with the C-terminal tail of DnaE to disengage Pol III from the β-clamp during processivity switching. We also propose that residues 430-460 of t are involved in sensing the DNA structure required for the processivity switch.

Conclusion: These observations expand the current understanding of processivity switching and help dissect the regions of t utilized for binding to different replisome components such as DnaB helicase, polymerase and DNA. 

Methods: A total of 120 quail of 4 weeks old were divided into six equal groups (A-F) and administered endosulfan in feed at dose rate of 0, 5, 25, 50, 100, and 500 mg/kg feed, respectively for 90 days. Parameters studied included clinical signs, feed intake, body weight and mortality. Hematology, serum biochemistry, hatchability and fertility were also determined. Gross and microscopic changes on different organs were recorded.

Results: The quails of the group B did not show any clinical signs and had significantly lower values of feed intake, testes relative weight and leukocyte number than those of the control group A. The quails of group C and D had mild depression while those of the group E and F showed nervous excitation following ingestion of endosulfan. There was a dose related delay in onset of crowing, appearance of foamy material in the droppings. The feed intake, erythrocyte and leukocyte counts, hematocrit values, and serum total proteins of endosulfan fed quails were significantly (p < 0.05) lower than that of the group A. The total egg production in groups A, B and C was significantly higher from group D, E and F.  The hatchability in group A and B was significantly higher from groups C, D, E and F. The difference of dead in shell % and early dead among different groups was nonsignificant. Infertile egg percentage was significantly higher in group E compared with all other groups except group F. The necrotic changes were observed in all parts of oviduct in high dose groups, similarly necrotic changes and vacuolar degeneration was observed in hepatic parenchyma in high dose groups D-F.

Conclusion: It may be concluded that endosulfan leads to dose dependent changes in the quails. 

Methods: Eleven (11) bacterial strains were identified as Lactobacillus by following Bergey’s manual scheme. Antibacterial activity was checked by agar well diffusion method. Their ability to grow at different bile salt concentration, pH concentration and in the presence of pepsin enzyme was checked under in vitro condition. Finally, they potential strains were evaluated as probiotic starter in yogurt preparation.

Results: Out of total strains isolated, 52% strains were considered as Lactobacillus. Half of the strains (50%) showed antibacterial activity against selected pathogens and the best zone was formed by S4BM2 (15mm) against Salmonella typhi. All the isolated strains had the ability to grow in the presence of 0.2% bile salt concentration; at pH 3, pH5 and in the presence of pepsin enzyme. The efficacy of Lactobacilli strains as starter culture in yogurt was checked and found that yogurt processed with combination of S2Y2 with apple pieces showed significant results as compared to uninoculated yogurt.

Conclusion: It was concluded that strain i.e. S2Y2 can further be used in different dairy industries for yogurt processing to improve the quality of yogurt. 

Methods: The data of the incidence(-ASR), mortality(-ASR), Human development index (HDI) were extracted from the GLOBOCAN project and Human Development Reports database. The relationships were evaluated by using Pearson Correlation Coefficient method.

Results: In Southeast Asian region, incidence of 34,681, and mortality of 22,231 were recorded. The high incidence and mortality were related to medium human development countries. The significant positive correlations were observed between HDI with incidence-ASR (r = 6.25, p = 0.04) and mortality-ASR (r = 0.38, p = 0.26). No significant correlations were found between HDI component with incidence-ASR and mortality-ASR, except for the relationship between incidence-ASR and GNI/capita (r = 0.71, p = 0.02).

Conclusion: The nasopharyngeal cancer is native to Asian region, includes Southeast Asian countries. The highest incidence and mortality were recorded in medium HDI countries. 

Method: Three variants of APOBEC3G gene polymorphism were genotyped while using RT-PCR method. Frequency distribution of these genotypes was evaluated in both the HIV-1 and healthy group.

Results: The rs6001417 CG (p = 0.03) and rs35228531 CT (p = 0.01) genotypes were found as protective elements, while rs35228531 TT (p = 0.02) and rs8177832 AA (p = 0.03) genotypes had shown susceptibility against the HIV-1 infection. Our data suggest, rs35228531 CT (p = 0.003) and rs8177832 AA (P = <0.001) genotypes have predominant incidences in HIV-1 male population than healthy control.

Conclusion: We predict rs6001417 CG, rs35228531 CT as protective and rs35228531 TT, rs8177832 AA genotypes as a predisposing tool, against the HIV-1 infection in a section of Pakistani population. In addition, male gender was found predominantly high in both protective genotype rs35228531 CT (p = 0.003) and predisposing genotype rs8177832 AA (p = <0.001). The predominant contribution may help the patient to be predict about the status of HIV infection, however, extra efforts are required to study larger cohort of patients to better elucidate the association. 

Methods: The consumption and secretion of amino acids were determined by subtracting the original concentrations of the free amino acids in the media from those estimated at both mid-exponential and stationary phases of growth.

Results: The analysis revealed that the consumption and secretion profiles were substantially different between cells grown under optimal control conditions, when compared with those exposed to sub-optimal conditions. The analyses of the supernatants harvested at mid-exponential phase revealed that the total consumption of amino acids was increased by 1.2 and 1.7 times by cells grown at either pH 6 or 8 and 35°C with additional of 5 % NaCl, respectively. However, the final levels of amino acids consumed at stationary phase were significantly reduced in the cells grown in sub-optimal conditions compared with bacteria cells grown under optimal conditions.

Conclusion: It was evident that various environmental conditions led to differential profiles of amino acid consumption and secretion.